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Histology > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Roles of the ovary

A

Produce gametes

Produce steroids, mainly oestrogens and progestogens

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2
Q

Structure of ovary

A

Medulla

Cortex

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3
Q

Structure of medulla of ovary

A

Forms core of organ and contains loose connective tissue, arteries, veins lymphatics and is continuous with hilum of organ

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4
Q

Structure of cortex of ovary

A

Scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellular connective tissue stroma

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5
Q

What is the dense connective tissue layer, on the outer shell of the cortex called?

A

Tunica albuginea

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6
Q

What covers the tunica albuginea of the ovary

A

Single layer of cuboidal cells called germinal epithelium

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7
Q

What happens early in embryonic development (around week 6)

A

Germ cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries and proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia

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8
Q

What happens to oogonia?

A

These cells undergo development and division via meiosis to form mature oocytes, which are also termed ova

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9
Q

What is oogenesis

A

Development of oocytes, the female germ cells from oogonia

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10
Q

What is folliculogenesis

A

Growth of follicle which consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells

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11
Q

How are oogonia and oocytes lost

A

By apoptosis-based process termed atresia

The cell is reabsorbed following cell death

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12
Q

When does meiosis begin in the oocytes?

A

Before birth

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13
Q

What stage does meiosis halt at in the oocytes ?

A

Prophase 1

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14
Q

What will happen if the oocyte undergoes further development?

A

meiosis will restart

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15
Q

What happens if an oocyte fails to associate with pregranulosa cells

A

It will die

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16
Q

Pregranulosa cells are what?

A

Squamous but if follicle enters growth phase they become cuboidal

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17
Q

Primary Follicles

A

Defined by cuboidal granulosa cells , stromal cells are associated with the outside of the follicle and will go on to form theca folliculi

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18
Q

Late primary follicle

A

Granulosa cell layer proliferates, stromal cells form a layer called the theca interna.

Theca interna secrete oestrogen precursors which will be converted to oestrogen by the granulosa cells. This layer begins to vascularization.

The outer layer remains fibroblast-like and forms the theca externa.

The granulosa cell layer will begin expressing receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.

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19
Q

What is the major role of the follicle

A

Production of hormones-

Theca interna cells produces androgens which diffuse across the basal lamina and are converted to oestrogen by the granulosa cells

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20
Q

Secondary Follicle

A

Formation of the space (antrum) in granulosa cell layer

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21
Q

What is the antrum filled with

A

Follicular fluid

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22
Q

What are the largest antral follicles called ?

A

Graafian follicles

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23
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus

A

Mound of cells that extend from the wall of the follicle and surround the oocyte

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24
Q

What happens to the follicle prior to ovulation?

A

The oocyte and halo of surrounding cells now called the corona radiata will separate from the rest of the lining of the granulosa cells

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25
Q

What happens one day before ovulation?

A

The oocyte in the largest Graafian follicles will complete meiosis 1, but instead of producing two equal cells, it will produce one cell called a secondary oocyte, similar in size to the original primary oocyte, and one tiny polar body that carries the nucleus away to degenerate.

The second oocyte will then begin the second phase of meiosis, but stop metaphase II. It will only complete meiosis to become a fully mature oocyte after it has been released (ovulation s and fertilised by a sperm-producing the second polar body.

26
Q

The area of bulge on the outside of the ovary is called?

A

Follicular stigma

27
Q

What happens to the follicular stigma at ovulation?

A

It ruptures and oocyte and surrounding corona radiata are released to be picked up by the fimbriae of the uterine tube

28
Q

What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

A

Transforms into a corpus luteum with the theca and granulosa cells (now called theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells) secreting oestrogen and progesterone, which helps prepare the uterus for implantation .

29
Q

What happens if no implantation occurs

A

Corpus luteum becomes white coloured connective tissue called corpus albicans

30
Q

What happens if implantation occurs

A

The placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum for a time and maintains progesterone levels, which in turn maintains pregnancy

31
Q

Where in the uterine tube does fertilization usually occur ?

A

Ampulla

32
Q

The ampulla of the uterine tube

A

Mucosa is folded and lined by simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells and secretory cells (peg cells)
This is surrounded by smooth muscle

33
Q

Isthmus of uterine tube

A

Lined by epithelium that is mostly secretory with few ciliated cells
3 layers of smooth muscle in isthmus

34
Q

What are the layers making up the uterus wall

A

Endometrium

Myometrium

Perimetrium

35
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner secretory mucosa , most is shed during menstruation. Made up of tubular glands embedded in a connective tissue stroma

36
Q

Myometrium

A

Thick coat of 3 layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastin tissue

37
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

38
Q

What is endometrium divided into

A

Stratum Functionalis

Stratus Basalis

39
Q

Stratum Functionalis

A

Undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss

40
Q

Stratum Basalis

A

Reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis

41
Q

What happens during proliferation phase

A

Stratum Basalis proliferates and glands, stroma and vasculature grow and this increase the thickness of the endometrium by reconstituting the stratum functionalis

42
Q

What happens during the secretory phase

A

Glands become coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen

43
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase

A

Arterioles in the stratum functionalis undego constriction, depriving the tissue of blood and causing ischemia, with resultant tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing

44
Q

Cervix

A

Mostly fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface, but transitioning to mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium

45
Q

When endocervical glands outlets become blocked they form a …

A

Nabothian cyst

46
Q

Four layers of vagina

A
  1. Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. During reproductive years, this layer is thicker and cells are enlarged due to glycogen accumulation
  2. Lamina propria: connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin-walled blood vessels
  3. Fibromuscular layer : inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
  4. Adventita
47
Q

Mons pubis

A

Skin which contains highly oblique hair follicles overlying a substantial subcutaneous fat pad, which itself overlies the public symphysis.

48
Q

Labia major

A

Extension of mons pubis, rich in apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands and with small bundles of smooth muscle . Hair follicles on outer surface but not inner

49
Q

Labia minora

A

Thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles, rich vasculature and sebaceous glands that secrete directly onto the surface of the skin

50
Q

Clitoris

A

Contains two tubes of erectile vasculature tissue

51
Q

What type of gland is the breast

A

Subcutaneous

52
Q

Secretory tissue of breast

A

Made up of lobes each consisting of compound tubuloacinar glands which drain via a series of ducts leading to the nipple

53
Q

What is the basic functional secretory unit of the breasts

A

Terminal Duct Lobular Unit

54
Q

In non lactating breast where does the terminal Ductules lead

A

Into an intralobular collecting duct which leads into the lactiferous duct from that lobe , which leads to the nipple - passing through an expanded duct region near the nipple termed the lactiferous sinus

55
Q

Lactiferous ducts are lined by

A

Thin stratified squamous to stratified cuboidal

56
Q

Nipple is covered by

A

Thin keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

It has core of dense irregular connective tissue mixed with bundles of smooth muscle

57
Q

If pregnancy occurs what changes in the breast take place

A
  1. Elongation and branching of smaller ducts combined with proliferation of the epithelial cells of the glands and myoepithelial cells
  2. glandular tissue continues to develop with differentiation of secretory alveoli. Plasma cells and lymphocytes infiltrate the nearby connective tissue
  3. Secretory alveoli continue to mature, with development of extensive rER
58
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Lipid droplets are secreted surrounded by membrane and carry a small amount of cytoplasm away

59
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Proteins in milk are made in the rER, packaged in the Golgi apparatus and secreted via vesicles which merge with apical membrane to release only their contents into the duct system

60
Q

What happens following menopause

A

Secretory cells of TDLUs degenerate leaving only ducts

Histology (10 decks)

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