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Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Tunica intima

A

Single layer of squamous cells

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2
Q

Tunica media

A

Smooth muscle

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3
Q

Tunica adventita

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

Between TM and TA

A

External elastic membrane

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5
Q

What is between TM and TI

A

Internal elastic membrane

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6
Q

Capillary types

A

Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal

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7
Q

What has a thin Tunica media

A

Veins

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8
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

Red cells, white cells and platelets

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9
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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10
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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11
Q

Spinning of blood

A

Red blood cells -dense - on bottom
White blood cells
Plasma -liquid portion- Top

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12
Q

What is plasma called when the clotting factor is removed?

A

Serum

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13
Q

Where are blood proteins made

A

Liver

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14
Q

Example of blood protein

A

Serum albumin - 60%of plasma proteins

Albumin maintains osmotic pressure

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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Biconcave disc
7um
No nucleus or organelles
1/3 of vol taken up by iron containing protein -haemoglobin

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16
Q

Erythrocytes I’m non-mamlian vertebrates

A

Have nuclei

17
Q

How long do erythrocytes last in circulation

A

4 months

18
Q

What removes erythrocytes

A

Spleen and liver

19
Q

What are a stack of erythrocytes called and what do they indicate

A

Rouleau

Disease

20
Q

Neutrophils

A 
Granulocytes 
Most common
Stain poorly 
Multi-lobed nucleus 
Cytoplasm-many granules 
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Circulate in an inactive state, if stimulated by bacteria or inflammation they enter tissue. Become highly motile phagocytes- ingest bacteria and damaged cells. Their granules contain enzymes and microbicidal agent.
Abundant and short lived - significant portion of bone marrow devoted to their production

21
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granules in cytoplasm have affinity for red acidic dye eosin

Circulate for 8-12 hours then move into the tissue to live

Slightly larger than neutrophils

Bilobed nucleus

Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes and variety of surface receptors

Important in inducing and maintaining inflammation particularly in allergic reactions and asthma

Also important in fighting parasitic infection

22
Q

Basophils

A

Rarest
Bilobed -obscured by granules
Granules- heparin and histamine
Have affinity for basic dyes -blue/purple
Act as effector cells in allergic reaction

High affinity Ige receptors in their cell membrane are directed against a particular allergen and when they bind their antigen the cell is stimulated to release it’s granules - degranulation

Leads to hayfever, allergic asthma etc

23
Q

What cell do basophils have a structural and functional similarity to?

A

Mast cells

24
Q

Monocytes

A

Found in bone marrow and blood

Precursors of tissue macrophages

Numerous small lysosomal granules in cytoplasm

Largest cell in blood

Non-lobulated nucleus appears kidney bean shaped

25
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Round nucleus
Surrounded by thin to moderate rim of cytoplasm with no granules

2 classes

B cells - give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells

T cells - differentiate in thymus
form complex cells - perform many defense functions

26
Q

Platelets

A

Hemostasis (prevention of blood loss)

Well developed cytoskeleton

Mitochondria, Golgi, ribrosomes - no nucleus

Conspicuous granules - coagulation factors

Activate production of fibrin - clot formation

27
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Starts off outside embryo in yolk sac at begining of wk 3

Then liver

Bone produce leukocytes by 5 months gestation and erythrocytes 7 months gestation

By birth bone is main site of blood formation

By maturity - ribs, skull, pelvis and proximal femur - hemopoiesis- red marrow

Marrow which is adipose tissue is called yellow marrow but in emergencies reverts back to blood formation

28
Q

Totipotent stem cells

A

Form all cell types of adulation and any extra embryonic tissue produced during development

29
Q

Pluripotent stem cell

A

Give rise to all functional cell types of animal

30
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

Give rise to restricted set of cell types

31
Q

Committed (unipotential) progenitor cells

A

Produce only one cell type

32
Q

What is special about stem cells

A

They reproduce themselves

33
Q

Erythrocytes development

A

Develop from stem cells in bone marrow and mature

Production of haemoglobin and extrusion of nucleus

Reticulocyte- because of granules of RNA

Circulate for 1-2 days before RNA lost and a mature RBC is formed

34
Q

What is an immature red blood cell called

A

Reticulocyte

35
Q

What is the name of giant cells found in bone marrow

A

Megakaryocytes

36
Q

Locally produced growth promoter of blood cells

A

Colony stimulating factor

37
Q

Systemic factors

A

Interleukins and erthypoietin produced by kidneys stimulates erythrocyte production

38
Q

What stages of cell production do these factors control

A

Proliferation
Differentiation
Maturation

39
Q

Blood brain barrier is induced by ?

A

Astrocytes

Histology (10 decks)

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