Blood

Question 1

Tunica intima

Answer 1

Single layer of squamous cells

Question 2

Tunica media

Answer 2

Smooth muscle

Question 3

Tunica adventita

Answer 3

Connective tissue

Question 4

Between TM and TA

Answer 4

External elastic membrane

Question 5

What is between TM and TI

Answer 5

Internal elastic membrane

Question 6

Capillary types

Answer 6

Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal

Question 7

What has a thin Tunica media

Answer 7

Veins

Question 8

Formed elements of blood

Answer 8

Red cells, white cells and platelets

Question 9

Granulocytes

Answer 9

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 10

Agranulocytes

Answer 10

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Question 11

Spinning of blood

Answer 11

Red blood cells -dense - on bottom
White blood cells
Plasma -liquid portion- Top

Question 12

What is plasma called when the clotting factor is removed?

Answer 12

Serum

Question 13

Where are blood proteins made

Answer 13

Liver

Question 14

Example of blood protein

Answer 14

Serum albumin - 60%of plasma proteins

Albumin maintains osmotic pressure

Question 15

Erythrocytes

Answer 15

Biconcave disc
7um
No nucleus or organelles
1/3 of vol taken up by iron containing protein -haemoglobin

Question 16

Erythrocytes I’m non-mamlian vertebrates

Answer 16

Have nuclei

Question 17

How long do erythrocytes last in circulation

Answer 17

4 months

Question 18

What removes erythrocytes

Answer 18

Spleen and liver

Question 19

What are a stack of erythrocytes called and what do they indicate

Answer 19

Rouleau

Disease

Question 20

Neutrophils

Answer 20

Granulocytes 
Most common
Stain poorly 
Multi-lobed nucleus 
Cytoplasm-many granules 
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Circulate in an inactive state, if stimulated by bacteria or inflammation they enter tissue. Become highly motile phagocytes- ingest bacteria and damaged cells. Their granules contain enzymes and microbicidal agent.
Abundant and short lived - significant portion of bone marrow devoted to their production

Question 21

Eosinophils

Answer 21

Granules in cytoplasm have affinity for red acidic dye eosin

Circulate for 8-12 hours then move into the tissue to live

Slightly larger than neutrophils

Bilobed nucleus

Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes and variety of surface receptors

Important in inducing and maintaining inflammation particularly in allergic reactions and asthma

Also important in fighting parasitic infection

Question 22

Basophils

Answer 22

Rarest
Bilobed -obscured by granules
Granules- heparin and histamine
Have affinity for basic dyes -blue/purple
Act as effector cells in allergic reaction

High affinity Ige receptors in their cell membrane are directed against a particular allergen and when they bind their antigen the cell is stimulated to release it’s granules - degranulation

Leads to hayfever, allergic asthma etc

Question 23

What cell do basophils have a structural and functional similarity to?

Answer 23

Mast cells

Question 24

Monocytes

Answer 24

Found in bone marrow and blood

Precursors of tissue macrophages

Numerous small lysosomal granules in cytoplasm

Largest cell in blood

Non-lobulated nucleus appears kidney bean shaped

Question 25

Lymphocytes

Answer 25

Round nucleus Surrounded by thin to moderate rim of cytoplasm with no granules 2 classes B cells - give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells T cells - differentiate in thymus form complex cells - perform many defense functions

Question 26

Platelets

Answer 26

Hemostasis (prevention of blood loss) Well developed cytoskeleton Mitochondria, Golgi, ribrosomes - no nucleus Conspicuous granules - coagulation factors Activate production of fibrin - clot formation

Question 27

Hemopoiesis

Answer 27

Starts off outside embryo in yolk sac at begining of wk 3 Then liver Bone produce leukocytes by 5 months gestation and erythrocytes 7 months gestation By birth bone is main site of blood formation By maturity - ribs, skull, pelvis and proximal femur - hemopoiesis- red marrow Marrow which is adipose tissue is called yellow marrow but in emergencies reverts back to blood formation

Question 28

Totipotent stem cells

Answer 28

Form all cell types of adulation and any extra embryonic tissue produced during development

Question 29

Pluripotent stem cell

Answer 29

Give rise to all functional cell types of animal

Question 30

Multipotent stem cells

Answer 30

Give rise to restricted set of cell types

Question 31

Committed (unipotential) progenitor cells

Answer 31

Produce only one cell type

Question 32

What is special about stem cells

Answer 32

They reproduce themselves

Question 33

Erythrocytes development

Answer 33

Develop from stem cells in bone marrow and mature Production of haemoglobin and extrusion of nucleus Reticulocyte- because of granules of RNA Circulate for 1-2 days before RNA lost and a mature RBC is formed

Question 34

What is an immature red blood cell called

Answer 34

Reticulocyte

Question 35

What is the name of giant cells found in bone marrow

Answer 35

Megakaryocytes

Question 36

Locally produced growth promoter of blood cells

Answer 36

Colony stimulating factor

Question 37

Systemic factors

Answer 37

Interleukins and erthypoietin produced by kidneys stimulates erythrocyte production

Question 38

What stages of cell production do these factors control

Answer 38

Proliferation Differentiation Maturation

Question 39

Blood brain barrier is induced by ?

Answer 39

Astrocytes