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Histology > Special sences 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Special sences 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Another word for the sense taste

A

Gustation

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2
Q

Four types of tongue papillae

A

Fungiform
Filiform
Foliate
Circumvallate

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3
Q

Filiform

A

No taste buds - conical shape

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4
Q

Fungiform

A

Blunt

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5
Q

Foliate

A

“slit-like” on margins of tongue

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6
Q

Circumvallate

A

large dome shaped
V shape on back 2/3 rds of tongue
cleft surrounding the them tastebuds face cleft

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7
Q

Taste is carried out by …

A

chemoreceptive units

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8
Q

Taste buds - 3 cell types

A

Sensory cells or taste receptor cells
Supporting cells
Basal cells

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9
Q

Sensory cells

A

have apical microvilli with chemical receptor at apical pore

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10
Q

Supporting cells

A

in addition to supporting cells, these may be a stage in development of the sensory cells

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11
Q

Basal cells

A

act as stem cells
sensory and support
cells have a lifetime of about 10-14 days

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12
Q

what happens when the appropriate chemical enters the taste pore and binds its receptor ?

A

It causes a release of neurotransmitter from the sensory cell (which is epithelial ), that stimulate sensory nerve endings within the taste bud

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13
Q

5 principal tastes

A 
>sweet 
>sour
>bitter 
>salty 
>umami (savory taste)
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14
Q

Another word for the sense smell

A

Olfactory

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15
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar
> respiratory epithelium
>Taller, stains darker > lacks goblet cells

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16
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

bipolar neurons and nuclei > middle of epithelial layer

have olfactory vesicles that extend above the epithelium with 10-20 long non- motile cilia attached

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17
Q

Receptors on cilia

A

respond to odorants we detect and depolarise the cell producing action potentials

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18
Q

where do axons of cells pass out of the epithelium through?

A

cribiform palate of ethmoid bone and into olfactory bulb

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19
Q

Receptor cells of olfactory are called

A

neurons

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20
Q

What is olfactory mucosa refered to as

A

neuroepithelium

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21
Q

Support cells (olfactory)

A

provide mechanical and metabolic support to neurons
nuclei > in upper portion of epithelium

Have numerous apical microvilli
Secret odorants binding proteins
Have enzymes > many play a role in deactivating odorants to terminate their effects

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22
Q

Basal cells (olfactory)

A

Stem cells> nuclei in basal part of epithelium

Olfactory receptors only numerous directly exposed to external environments, lifespan of 1 month

Only cells that extend axons into the central nervous system
> attention in research field of spinal cord injury repair

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23
Q

Olfactory Mucosa

A

Olfactory epithelium and the underlying lamina propria

1 > connective tissue
2 > blood vessels for warming the air
3 > Bowman’s glands (olfactory glands)
which are tubuloalveolar glands that produce a serous secretion that is released at surface via ducts and dissolves oderants
4> Bundles of axons from the receptor cells , these pass through cribiform plate to reach olfactory bulb

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24
Q

Another word for the sense hearing

A

Audition

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25
Q

Which part of the external ear is covered by epidermis ?

A

pinna of ear and external auditory meatus

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26
Q

Ear canal

A

has hairy skin with sebaceous glands and modified apocrine sweat glands

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27
Q

What is the name of the modified apocrine sweat glands in the ear canal?

A

Ceruminous glands

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28
Q

What do Ceruminous glands produce?

A

cerumin

yellowish waxy substance

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29
Q

Name for the ear drum

A

tympanic membrane

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30
Q

layers of tympanic membrane

A

3 layers
outer layer of thin epidermis
middle layer of collagenous connective tissue
inner layer of simple cuboidal

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31
Q

Cochlea turn spiral ?

A

2.5 turn spiral

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32
Q

What is the central core of the cochlea called?

A

modiolus

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33
Q

What is the ganglion of bipolar nerve cell bodies of the cochlea called?

A

spiral ganglion

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34
Q

3 compartments of cochlea?

A

Scala Vestibuli
Cochlear duct
Scala tympani

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35
Q

where do the SV and ST communicate and what is it called

A

At very tip of cochlea

called Helicotrema

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36
Q

Sounds are transduced by hair cells in the

A

Organ of corti

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37
Q

where does the organ of corti sit?

A

On basilar membrane

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38
Q

What happens to the organ of corti as you move towards the tip of the cochlea?

A

Gets longer and more flexible

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39
Q

What types of sound does the organ of corti near the tip of the cochlea respond to ?

A

low frequencies of sound

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40
Q

What types of sound does the organ of corti near the base of the cochlea respond to ?

A

high frequencies of sound

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41
Q

Two sets of hair cells

A

> row 3-5 outer hair cells

>single row of inner hair cells

42
Q

What are the support cells of the hair cells called?

A

phalangeal cells

43
Q

Vibrations in BM cause …

A

specialised stereocilia on apical ends of the hair cells to move against the overhanging tectorial membrane. Deformation of stereocilia opens ion channels that depolarize the hair cells - the cell then releases neurotransmitters that cause action potentials in the terminal spiral neurons.
The main receptors are the inner hair cells.

44
Q

Vestibular Systems

A

Detecting position and motion depend on receptive hair cells.

45
Q

what do the utricle and saccule detect?

A

head position

46
Q

What do the semicircular canals detect ?

A

movement

47
Q

swelling in the semicircular duct is called?

A

ampulla

48
Q

what is the sensory organ called within the ampulla?

A

crista ampullaris

49
Q

Crista ampullaris

A

consist of a core of connective tissue bulging into the lumen with a covering of epithelium containing hair cells with stereocilia

50
Q

what are the stereocilia of the crista ampullaris embedded in and what is its name?

A

A dome of gelatinous material called Cupola

51
Q

How does it work when the head turns ?

A

Movement of the fluid bows cupola and this inturn bends the stereocilia. This changes the amount of transmitter released by these cells
They have a resting output so bending them one way increases output, while bending them another way decreases it

52
Q

Vestibuar hair cells

A

Have rows of stereocillia at apical end unlike cochlea hair cells, vestibular hair cells retain cilium in addition to stereocillia … this is called Kinocilium

53
Q

Utricle and Saccule

A

2 swellings in vestibule

Fluid filled space lined by simple cuboidal epithelium everywhere apart a small patch of sensory epithelium

54
Q

What is the small patch of sensory epithelium called on the uricle and saccule?

A

Macula

55
Q

The stereocillia of hair cells is embedded in a gelatinous layer, which in turn has crystals of calcium carbonate and protein called?

A

Otoconia

56
Q

Straight line acceleration of the head produces?

A

relevant movement in the otoconia/ gelatinous mass and bends stereocilia

57
Q

Otoconia

A

are denser than endolymph fluid around them, they are affected by gravity and therefore provide information about position of head when it is static

means ear sand or ear ash

58
Q

Three layers of the eye?

A

Corneosclera - Outer most layer
uveal tract - Middle layer
retina -Inner layer

59
Q

Corneosclera coat

A

cornea is transparent anterior extension of sclera

>sclera and cornea

60
Q

Uveal tract

A

(vascular coat )
consists of iris and ciliary body anteriorly and vascularized choroid coat posteriorly
> choroid, ciliary body and iris

61
Q

Inner layer (eye) - retina

A

consisting of layers of nerve cells, their processes support cells and an outside layer of pigmented epithelium
> neural retina , nonphotosensitive part, photosensitive part and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

62
Q

Biconcave lens

A

Is elastic to allow it to changes shape to permit accommodation for near vision

63
Q

What is in front of the lens ?

A

Two chambers filled with aqueous humour, an anterior chamber and posterior chamber

64
Q

What is posterior to the lens?

A

Much larger vitreal cavity filled with vitrious humor (vitrous body) which is avascular and gelatinous due to collagen fibres and hyaluronic acid

65
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin transparent mucous membrane
lined by stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells, and has a lamina propria of loose connective tissue
Extends from corneosclera margin and reflects over inner surface of eyelid

66
Q

Cornea outer layer

A

thin non- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium sitting on a layer of collagen

67
Q

What is the layer of collagen in the cornea called?

A

Bowman’s membrane

68
Q

Bowman’s membrane

A

composed of randomly oriented, condensed thin collagen fibrils

69
Q

Thickness of cornea forms?

A

Stroma

70
Q

Stroma

A

Many layers of precisely oriented hydrated collagen with each layer at roughly right angles to each other
There are corneal fibroblasts between layers

71
Q

What is on the inside of the cornea?

A

Layer of endothelium sitting on a layer of meshwork collagen called Duscements membrane

72
Q

Kaiser- Fleischer Ring

A

Accumulation of copper in Duscemets membrane at corneo - sclera junction.
Seen in Wilson’s disease, which is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a defect in a copper transport enzyme,
Untreated it can be fatal
Also seen un disorders of liver such as cirrhosis of liver

73
Q

sclera

A

tough coat of collagen and elastic fibres defining globe

Tendons of extraocular muscles attached to sclera

74
Q

Ciliary body

A

contains smooth muscle that during near vision, releases tension on the zonular fibres allowing lens to round up due to its natural elasticity

75
Q

Where is the excess fluid from the anterior chamber is drained via …

A

the canal of schlemm into the blood vessels

76
Q

Glaucoma results when….

A

the drainage of the anterior chamber via the canal of schlemm is not adequate

77
Q

Iris

A

Mostly loose connective tissue with a layer of pigmented epithelium on its posterior surface
- contains melanocytes

78
Q

what colour eyes have lots of melanocytes

A

Brown eyes

79
Q

what colour eyes have few melanocytes

A

Blue eyes

80
Q

What changes diameter in the iris?

A

The smooth muscle

81
Q

where are the sphincter pupillae fibres located?

A

near the tip of the iris
they are circumfrentially orientated and are under parasympathetic control
they constrict the pupil

82
Q

Where are the Dilator pupillae located?

A

Radially oriented
Under sympathetic stimulation
open pupil

83
Q

what is the ciliary body attached to the lens by?

A

Zonular fibres

84
Q

What happens to the ciliary body when observing a close object?

A

The circumferential smooth muscles of the ciliary body contracts and releases the tension allowing the lens to become rounder due to its inherent elasticity

85
Q

Lens

A

Transparent biconvex structure made of lens fibres long, thin cells that as they mature loose their nuclei and most organelles are packed with proteins called crystallins

86
Q

What is the lens covered with anteriorly ?

A

An outer connective tissue capsule and layer of simple cuboidal epithelium

87
Q

What direction do the long lens fibres run in ?

A

In an arc anterior to posterior and are roughly hexagonal in cross section and pack densely together

88
Q

Retina

A

complex thin layer of nervous tissue lining the inner eye. With retina characteristic layered structure with rods and cones

89
Q

Rods contain

A

Rhodopsin

90
Q

Rhodopsin

A

light sensitive pigment

used in low light vision

91
Q

Cones contain

A

3 opsin pigments

92
Q

Opsin pigments

A

Sensitive to either red, green or blue light

93
Q

Distribution of rods and cones in retina

A

not uniform

94
Q

Rods distribution in fovea

A

predominate away from fovea but absent in the fovea

95
Q

cones have 1 of 3 photopsins

A

absorption maxima at long and medium and short wavelengths

red, green and blue light respectively

96
Q

centre of fovea is called

A

foveola

where the retina thins and becomes avascular

97
Q

Optic disc

A

Site where axons of retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, here they must pass through the sclera

98
Q

What is the optic disc otherwise known as ?

A

the blind spot

99
Q

What does the optic disc lack?

A

photoreceptors

100
Q

What is the opening in the sclera called that resembles a sieve and the fibres that form the optic nerve exiting the eye must pass through them?

A

lamina cribrosa

101
Q

What is the red eye effect caused by?

A

Mainly due to blood supply in the choroid

More intense in people with light skin and blue eyes as they tend to have less melanin in the pigmented epithelium

Histology (10 decks)

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