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Histology > Special sences 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Special sences 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Another word for the sense taste

A

Gustation

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2
Q

Four types of tongue papillae

A

Fungiform
Filiform
Foliate
Circumvallate

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3
Q

Filiform

A

No taste buds - conical shape

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4
Q

Fungiform

A

Blunt

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5
Q

Foliate

A

“slit-like” on margins of tongue

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6
Q

Circumvallate

A

large dome shaped
V shape on back 2/3 rds of tongue
cleft surrounding the them tastebuds face cleft

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7
Q

Taste is carried out by …

A

chemoreceptive units

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8
Q

Taste buds - 3 cell types

A

Sensory cells or taste receptor cells
Supporting cells
Basal cells

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9
Q

Sensory cells

A

have apical microvilli with chemical receptor at apical pore

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10
Q

Supporting cells

A

in addition to supporting cells, these may be a stage in development of the sensory cells

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11
Q

Basal cells

A

act as stem cells
sensory and support
cells have a lifetime of about 10-14 days

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12
Q

what happens when the appropriate chemical enters the taste pore and binds its receptor ?

A

It causes a release of neurotransmitter from the sensory cell (which is epithelial ), that stimulate sensory nerve endings within the taste bud

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13
Q

5 principal tastes

A 
>sweet 
>sour
>bitter 
>salty 
>umami (savory taste)
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14
Q

Another word for the sense smell

A

Olfactory

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15
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar
> respiratory epithelium
>Taller, stains darker > lacks goblet cells

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16
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

bipolar neurons and nuclei > middle of epithelial layer

have olfactory vesicles that extend above the epithelium with 10-20 long non- motile cilia attached

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17
Q

Receptors on cilia

A

respond to odorants we detect and depolarise the cell producing action potentials

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18
Q

where do axons of cells pass out of the epithelium through?

A

cribiform palate of ethmoid bone and into olfactory bulb

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19
Q

Receptor cells of olfactory are called

A

neurons

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20
Q

What is olfactory mucosa refered to as

A

neuroepithelium

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21
Q

Support cells (olfactory)

A

provide mechanical and metabolic support to neurons
nuclei > in upper portion of epithelium

Have numerous apical microvilli
Secret odorants binding proteins
Have enzymes > many play a role in deactivating odorants to terminate their effects

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22
Q

Basal cells (olfactory)

A

Stem cells> nuclei in basal part of epithelium

Olfactory receptors only numerous directly exposed to external environments, lifespan of 1 month

Only cells that extend axons into the central nervous system
> attention in research field of spinal cord injury repair

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23
Q

Olfactory Mucosa

A

Olfactory epithelium and the underlying lamina propria

1 > connective tissue
2 > blood vessels for warming the air
3 > Bowman’s glands (olfactory glands)
which are tubuloalveolar glands that produce a serous secretion that is released at surface via ducts and dissolves oderants
4> Bundles of axons from the receptor cells , these pass through cribiform plate to reach olfactory bulb

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24
Q

Another word for the sense hearing

A

Audition

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25
Which part of the external ear is covered by epidermis ?
pinna of ear and external auditory meatus
26
Ear canal
has hairy skin with sebaceous glands and modified apocrine sweat glands
27
What is the name of the modified apocrine sweat glands in the ear canal?
Ceruminous glands
28
What do Ceruminous glands produce?
cerumin | yellowish waxy substance
29
Name for the ear drum
tympanic membrane
30
layers of tympanic membrane
3 layers outer layer of thin epidermis middle layer of collagenous connective tissue inner layer of simple cuboidal
31
Cochlea turn spiral ?
2.5 turn spiral
32
What is the central core of the cochlea called?
modiolus
33
What is the ganglion of bipolar nerve cell bodies of the cochlea called?
spiral ganglion
34
3 compartments of cochlea?
Scala Vestibuli Cochlear duct Scala tympani
35
where do the SV and ST communicate and what is it called
At very tip of cochlea | called Helicotrema
36
Sounds are transduced by hair cells in the
Organ of corti
37
where does the organ of corti sit?
On basilar membrane
38
What happens to the organ of corti as you move towards the tip of the cochlea?
Gets longer and more flexible
39
What types of sound does the organ of corti near the tip of the cochlea respond to ?
low frequencies of sound
40
What types of sound does the organ of corti near the base of the cochlea respond to ?
high frequencies of sound
41
Two sets of hair cells
> row 3-5 outer hair cells | >single row of inner hair cells
42
What are the support cells of the hair cells called?
phalangeal cells
43
Vibrations in BM cause ...
specialised stereocilia on apical ends of the hair cells to move against the overhanging tectorial membrane. Deformation of stereocilia opens ion channels that depolarize the hair cells - the cell then releases neurotransmitters that cause action potentials in the terminal spiral neurons. The main receptors are the inner hair cells.
44
Vestibular Systems
Detecting position and motion depend on receptive hair cells.
45
what do the utricle and saccule detect?
head position
46
What do the semicircular canals detect ?
movement
47
swelling in the semicircular duct is called?
ampulla
48
what is the sensory organ called within the ampulla?
crista ampullaris
49
Crista ampullaris
consist of a core of connective tissue bulging into the lumen with a covering of epithelium containing hair cells with stereocilia
50
what are the stereocilia of the crista ampullaris embedded in and what is its name?
A dome of gelatinous material called Cupola
51
How does it work when the head turns ?
Movement of the fluid bows cupola and this inturn bends the stereocilia. This changes the amount of transmitter released by these cells They have a resting output so bending them one way increases output, while bending them another way decreases it
52
Vestibuar hair cells
Have rows of stereocillia at apical end unlike cochlea hair cells, vestibular hair cells retain cilium in addition to stereocillia ... this is called Kinocilium
53
Utricle and Saccule
2 swellings in vestibule | Fluid filled space lined by simple cuboidal epithelium everywhere apart a small patch of sensory epithelium
54
What is the small patch of sensory epithelium called on the uricle and saccule?
Macula
55
The stereocillia of hair cells is embedded in a gelatinous layer, which in turn has crystals of calcium carbonate and protein called?
Otoconia
56
Straight line acceleration of the head produces?
relevant movement in the otoconia/ gelatinous mass and bends stereocilia
57
Otoconia
are denser than endolymph fluid around them, they are affected by gravity and therefore provide information about position of head when it is static means ear sand or ear ash
58
Three layers of the eye?
Corneosclera - Outer most layer uveal tract - Middle layer retina -Inner layer
59
Corneosclera coat
cornea is transparent anterior extension of sclera | >sclera and cornea
60
Uveal tract
(vascular coat ) consists of iris and ciliary body anteriorly and vascularized choroid coat posteriorly > choroid, ciliary body and iris
61
Inner layer (eye) - retina
consisting of layers of nerve cells, their processes support cells and an outside layer of pigmented epithelium > neural retina , nonphotosensitive part, photosensitive part and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
62
Biconcave lens
Is elastic to allow it to changes shape to permit accommodation for near vision
63
What is in front of the lens ?
Two chambers filled with aqueous humour, an anterior chamber and posterior chamber
64
What is posterior to the lens?
Much larger vitreal cavity filled with vitrious humor (vitrous body) which is avascular and gelatinous due to collagen fibres and hyaluronic acid
65
Conjunctiva
Thin transparent mucous membrane lined by stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells, and has a lamina propria of loose connective tissue Extends from corneosclera margin and reflects over inner surface of eyelid
66
Cornea outer layer
thin non- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium sitting on a layer of collagen
67
What is the layer of collagen in the cornea called?
Bowman's membrane
68
Bowman's membrane
composed of randomly oriented, condensed thin collagen fibrils
69
Thickness of cornea forms?
Stroma
70
Stroma
Many layers of precisely oriented hydrated collagen with each layer at roughly right angles to each other There are corneal fibroblasts between layers
71
What is on the inside of the cornea?
Layer of endothelium sitting on a layer of meshwork collagen called Duscements membrane
72
Kaiser- Fleischer Ring
Accumulation of copper in Duscemets membrane at corneo - sclera junction. Seen in Wilson's disease, which is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a defect in a copper transport enzyme, Untreated it can be fatal Also seen un disorders of liver such as cirrhosis of liver
73
sclera
tough coat of collagen and elastic fibres defining globe | Tendons of extraocular muscles attached to sclera
74
Ciliary body
contains smooth muscle that during near vision, releases tension on the zonular fibres allowing lens to round up due to its natural elasticity
75
Where is the excess fluid from the anterior chamber is drained via ...
the canal of schlemm into the blood vessels
76
Glaucoma results when....
the drainage of the anterior chamber via the canal of schlemm is not adequate
77
Iris
Mostly loose connective tissue with a layer of pigmented epithelium on its posterior surface - contains melanocytes
78
what colour eyes have lots of melanocytes
Brown eyes
79
what colour eyes have few melanocytes
Blue eyes
80
What changes diameter in the iris?
The smooth muscle
81
where are the sphincter pupillae fibres located?
near the tip of the iris they are circumfrentially orientated and are under parasympathetic control they constrict the pupil
82
Where are the Dilator pupillae located?
Radially oriented Under sympathetic stimulation open pupil
83
what is the ciliary body attached to the lens by?
Zonular fibres
84
What happens to the ciliary body when observing a close object?
The circumferential smooth muscles of the ciliary body contracts and releases the tension allowing the lens to become rounder due to its inherent elasticity
85
Lens
Transparent biconvex structure made of lens fibres long, thin cells that as they mature loose their nuclei and most organelles are packed with proteins called crystallins
86
What is the lens covered with anteriorly ?
An outer connective tissue capsule and layer of simple cuboidal epithelium
87
What direction do the long lens fibres run in ?
In an arc anterior to posterior and are roughly hexagonal in cross section and pack densely together
88
Retina
complex thin layer of nervous tissue lining the inner eye. With retina characteristic layered structure with rods and cones
89
Rods contain
Rhodopsin
90
Rhodopsin
light sensitive pigment | used in low light vision
91
Cones contain
3 opsin pigments
92
Opsin pigments
Sensitive to either red, green or blue light
93
Distribution of rods and cones in retina
not uniform
94
Rods distribution in fovea
predominate away from fovea but absent in the fovea
95
cones have 1 of 3 photopsins
absorption maxima at long and medium and short wavelengths | red, green and blue light respectively
96
centre of fovea is called
foveola | where the retina thins and becomes avascular
97
Optic disc
Site where axons of retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, here they must pass through the sclera
98
What is the optic disc otherwise known as ?
the blind spot
99
What does the optic disc lack?
photoreceptors
100
What is the opening in the sclera called that resembles a sieve and the fibres that form the optic nerve exiting the eye must pass through them?
lamina cribrosa
101
What is the red eye effect caused by?
Mainly due to blood supply in the choroid | More intense in people with light skin and blue eyes as they tend to have less melanin in the pigmented epithelium

Histology (10 decks)

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