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Pathology 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible causes of renal dysplasia?

A
  • congenital infections
    (feline panleukopenia, canine herpesvirus, bovine viral diarrhea)
  • autosomal dominant in Suffolk sheep
  • hypovitaminosis A in swine
  • intrauterine ureteral obstruction in swine and calves
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2
Q

Describe the typical appearance of renal cysts

A
  • fluid filled

- lined by flat or cuboidal epithelium

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3
Q

Describe the appearance of a polycystic kidney

A
  • numerous variable-sized cysts in both cortex and medulla
  • on cut surface, have a honeycomb like appearance
  • cysts filled with colorless fluid
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4
Q

What can happen to the renal cysts?

A
  • may grow slowly or remain static

- may increase in size and/or number, causing compression atrophy

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5
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A
  • congenital malformation that results from fusion of the cranial or caudal poles of the kidney
  • incidental finding
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6
Q

What causes hemoglobin in the kidneys?

What is the gross and micro appearance?

A
  • severe intravacular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria
  • dark red to black kidneys
  • orange casts in tubule lumens
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7
Q

What causes myoglobin in the kidneys?
Give two examples
What is the gross appearance?

A
  • occurs when high levels of myoglobin are filtered into the tubules
  • Rhabdomyolysis and equine paralytic myoglobinuria
  • dark red to black kidneys, and dark red urine
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8
Q

What is the gross appearance of kidneys with lipofucsinosis?

A

dark brown to black kidneys

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9
Q

What is the cause of bile pigment in the kidneys?

What is the gross appearance?

A
  • in obstructive jaundice or liver disease, the kidneys excrete conjugated bilirubin
  • kidneys are yellow-green
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10
Q

What is the gross appearance of hyperemia and congestion?

What are the common causes?

A
  • bright or dark red kidneys

- result of prolonged prostration and circulatory failure

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11
Q

What is the common cause of general renal hemorrhage?

A

result of vasculitis or vascular necrosis

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12
Q

What are possible causes of renal petechia and ecchymosis?

A
  • extensive vascular injury or platelet consumption leading to DIC
  • acquired or congenital clotting defects
  • viremia (hog cholera, african swine fever, canine herpesvirus)
  • bacteremia
  • toxins
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13
Q

What are common causes of renal infarction?

A
  • associated with thrombosis of renal vessels
  • valvular endocarditis
  • prolonged ischemia
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14
Q

When is renal infarction commonly seen?

A
  • cattle and pigs with vegetative valvular endocarditis of the left heart
  • cats with left atrial thrombosis associated with cardiomyopathy
  • dogs with renal amyloidosis due to loss of plasma anticoagulants
  • endotoxin related thrombosis
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15
Q

Describe primary amyloidosis

A
  • very rare

- due to deposition of amyloid AL, derived from Ig light chains produced by abnormal plasma cells

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16
Q

Describe secondary amyloidosis

A
  • most common
  • deposition of amyloid AA that originates from serum alpha-globulin
  • associated with chronic antigenic stimulation
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17
Q

Describe the gross appearance of amyloidosis

A
  • kidneys are enlarged, pale, and have a finely granular surface
  • waxy on cut surface
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18
Q

Describe the microscopic appearance of amyloidosis

A
  • deposition of pink, amorphous material in the glomeruli or medullary interstitium
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19
Q

Describe familial renal amyloidosis

A
  • occurs in Abyssinian cats and Shar pei dogs
  • characterized by medullary deposits of amyloid, with fibrosis and papillary necrosis
  • can lead to thrombosis of pulmonary arteries and renal veins
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20
Q

What is renal cortical necrosis?

Describe the gross appearance

A
  • an acute and severe ischemia of the renal cortex due to vasospasm of cortical vessels
  • cortex has mosaic appearance with intermixed areas of red and yellow
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21
Q

What are the causes of renal medullary necrosis?

A
  • localized ischemia of renal medulla
  • amyloidosis in cats
  • pyelonephritis
  • diabetes mellitus
  • urinary obstruction
  • anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs
22
Q

Describe the histological appearance of chronic nephrosis

A
  • fibrosis
  • tubular loss
  • architectural disorganization
  • regeneration
  • limited inflammatory response
23
Q

Describe the histological appearance of acute nephrosis

A
  • swelling of tubular epithelium
  • cytoplasm may be vacuolated
  • nucleus pyknotic, karyolytic, karyorrhectic
  • tubules may be hypocellular, dilated, and contain necrotic debris and hyalinized casts
24
Q

What are causes of nephrosis?

A
  • ingestion of exogenous substances (which can precipitate as crystals)
  • heavy metals
  • insecticides
  • nephrotic plants (pigweed and oak)
25
Q

Describe embolic nephritis

  • cause
  • appearance
A
  • caused by bacteremia
  • multifocal suppurative glomerulitis
  • bacterial colonies in glomerular and interstitial capillaries
  • chronic renal microabscesses may result
26
Q

What are the two main mechanisms of glomerulonephritis?

A
  • deposition of Ag/Ab complexes

- autoantibodies directed against GBM

27
Q

What are the 3 morphologic types of glomerulonephritis?

A
  • membranous: thickening of BM
  • proliferative: increased cellularity
  • membranoproliferative: combination of both
28
Q

What is White-Spotted Kidney?

A
  • multifocal interstitial nephritis

- residual lesion of E. coli bacteremia

29
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

What is the pathogenesis?

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis and parenchyma

  • originates from ascending bacterial infection
  • ascends ureters, invades renal pelvis, and enters parenchyma
30
Q

What are predisposing factors to pyelonephritis?

A
  • urinary obstruction
  • abnormal vesico-ureteral reflux
  • cystitis
31
Q

Describe the gross appearance of pyelonephritis

A
  • suppurative exudate in pelvic cavity
  • partial destruction of medulla
  • irregular discoloration of cortex
  • scarring and fibrosis
  • inflammation in ureter and bladder
32
Q

Describe the microscopic appearance of pyelonephritis

A
  • large number of neutrophils and bacteria within tubule lumens, and necrosis of tubular epithelium (acute)
  • white bands of scar tissue, fibrosis, loss of tubules (chronic)
33
Q

What is granulomatous nephritis?

A
  • a form of chronic nephritis characterized by predominance of macrophages
  • dry form of FIP
34
Q

What are some etiologies of granulomatous nephritis?

A
  • virus (corona virus)
  • fungal organisms
  • bacteria
  • parasite migration (H. gingivalis, saprophytic nematode, dictiophyma renale, stephanurus dentatus)
35
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

What is the cause?

A

abnormal and permanent dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, with progressive atrophy of renal parenchyma
- due to increased pressure following partial or complete obstruction of urine outflow

36
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A
  • the process or formation of solid or semi-solid concretions anywhere in the urinary collecting system
37
Q

What are predisposing factors to urolithiasis?

A
  • increased urine concentration of stone constituents
  • low urine volume
  • urine pH
  • urinary tract infections
  • diets high in phosphate
  • high level of silica on pastures
38
Q

What are the possible conequences of urolithiasis?

A
  • hydronephrosis if lodged in ureter
  • chronic cystitis or bladder distention and rupture if lodged in urethra
  • acute hemorrhagic urethritis
39
Q

What is the main cause of familial renal diseases?

A
  • abnormal structure or function
40
Q

What is End-Stage Kidney?

A

a term used to describe kidneys that are severely affected by chronic inflammation and fibrosis
- kidneys are shrunken, pale, and firm

41
Q

Define renal disease

A

any deviation form normal renal structure or function

42
Q

Define renal failure

A

the inability of the kidney to maintain normal function

- requires 70-75% loss of renal function

43
Q

What is the cause of Hemorrhagic Ulcerative Gastritis?

A
  • uremia

- arteriolar necrosis with mucosal infarction and mineralization of the gastric glands and submucosal vessels

44
Q

What is mucoarteritis/endocarditis?

Describe the gross appearance

A
  • a non-inflammatory condition due to deposition of glucosaminoglycans with subsequent fibrinoid degeneration of connective tissue
  • opague, light yellow roughened endocardial plaques
45
Q

How does pulmonary edema occur?

A

damage to the blood-air barrier and plasma fluid leaks into the alveoli

46
Q

What causes secondary renal hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • abnormal renal function results in excessive retention of phosphorus
  • parathyroid glands activated to increase calcium
47
Q

What are possible causes of cystitis?

A
  • bacterial infection
  • formation and accumulation of uroliths
  • exposure to toxic compounds (blister beetles, bracken fern, cyclophosphamide)
48
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic cystitis?

A
  • mucus metaplasia of transitional epithelium
  • multifocal lymphoid hyperplasia (follicular cystitis)
  • formation of mucosal polyps (polypoid cystitis)
49
Q

What are possible causes of feline lower urinary tract disease?

A
  • diet high in magnesium and phosphate
  • alkaline urine pH
  • decreased fluid consumption
50
Q

What are three examples of primary epithelial tumors?

A
  • renal adenoma
  • renal adenocarcinoma
  • renal cystadenocarcinoma
51
Q

What are three examples of primary urinary tumors?

A
  • nephroblastoma
  • transitional cell papilloma
  • transitional cell carcinoma

Pathology 2 (7 decks)

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