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Pathology 2 > Ocular > Flashcards

Ocular Flashcards

1
Q

What are possible causes of corneal edema?

A
  • injury to epithelium (ulceration)
  • injury to endothelium (dystrophy, increased IOP, immune-mediated)
  • keratitis: leaky neovascularization
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2
Q

What is Blue Eye?

A

corneal edema resulting from survival of infectious canine hepatitis infection
- immune complex deposition in corneal epithelium

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3
Q

What is Hyphema?

A

blood in the anterior chamber

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4
Q

What is buphthalmos?

A

enlarged eye due to accumulation of fluid

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5
Q

What is the cause of primary glaucoma?

A

goniodysgenesis: a detectable malformation of the trabcular meshwork

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6
Q

What are causes of secondary glaucoma?

A

anything that obstructs the pupil or trabecular meshwork

  • exudate
  • lens luxation
  • posterior or anterior synechia
  • compression of filtration angle
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7
Q

What is cataract?

A
  • most common disease of the lens

- swelling/degeneration of lenticular fibers leading to opacity

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8
Q

What is lenticular sclerosis?

A
  • a senile change, not a cataract
  • light can still come through
  • lens fibers continue to differentiate throughout life
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9
Q

What are the indications of retinal degeneration and atrophy?

A
  • decreased vascularity
  • optic disc atrophy
  • changes in tapetal reflection
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10
Q

What are the causes of retinal degeneration and atrophy?

A
  • senile change
  • inherited metabolic defect of photoreceptor cells
  • toxicity
  • metabolic deficiencies (taurine, vit A)
  • increased IOP
  • retinal detachment
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11
Q

What are the causes of retinal detachment?

A
  • choroiditis, retinitis
  • hemorrhage
  • neoplasm
  • trauma
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12
Q

What are the gross features of conjunctivitis?

A
  • hyperemia
  • swelling/edema
  • discharge
  • chemosis
  • pigmentation
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13
Q

What are primary pathogen causes of conjunctivitis in cats?

A
  • Herpesvirus
  • Chlamydophilia
  • Mycoplasma felis
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14
Q

What are the corneal responses to injury?

A
  • edema
  • epithelial regeneration
  • neutrophil mediated stromal lysis
  • nevascularization
  • stromal fibrosis
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15
Q

Describe healing if the eye is only eroded

A

epithelial regeneration is very rapid

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16
Q

Describe healing if the eye is ulcerated

A

stromal repair must proceed epithelial regeneration

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17
Q

Describe healing if the eye has a chronic/persistent injury

A
  • cutaneous metaplasia may occur

- cannot see out of the eye

18
Q

What are possible etiologies of keratitis?

A
  • trauma
  • bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella bovis)
  • Chlamydia/Mycoplasma
  • viruses: IBR, MCF, EHV-1
  • fungi: aspergillosis, mucormycosis
  • drying and desiccation: keratoconjunctivitis sicca
  • idiopathic
19
Q

What is keratomalacia?

A
  • melting ulcers

- necrosis of corneal epithelium and stroma usually from leukocytes

20
Q

What is corneal sequestration?

A
  • localized necrosis of the epithelium and anterior stroma from severe corneal injury
  • affected area gets infiltrated with dark pigment present in tear film
21
Q

What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

Describe the pathogenesis

A
  • dry eye
  • immune-mediated injury to lacrimal glands > decreased tears and/or change in composition of tears > drying out of conjunctiva/cornea > chronic irritation
22
Q

What is affected in anterior uveitis?

A

iris and ciliary body

23
Q

What is affected in posterior uveitis?

A

choroid

24
Q

What is affected in endophthalmitis?

A

uvea, retina, and vitreous

25
Q

What is affected in panophthalmitis?

A

cornea and sclera

26
Q

What are some causes of uveitis?

A
  • hypersensitivity: feline idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic uveitis, equine recurrent uveitis
  • infectious
  • lens-induced
27
Q

What are some consequences of uveitis?

A
  • synechia
  • preiridal fibrovascular membrane
  • iris bombe
  • cataracts
  • lens luxation
  • glaucoma
  • retinal detachment
  • phthisis bulbi
28
Q

Define dyscoria

A

abnormal shape of pupil

29
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness in equines?

A

equine recurrent uveitis

30
Q

What is lens-induced uveitis?

What are the two types?

A

inflammatory response to lens proteins

  • phacolytic: leakage of lens proteins from hypermature cataract
  • phacoclastic: rupture of the lens
31
Q

What are some causes of retinitis?

A
  • extension of choroiditis or encephalitis
  • neurotropic viral infections
  • visceral larval migrans
32
Q

What is collie eye anomaly?

What are the ophthalmoscopic findings?

A
  • scleral ectasia
  • retinal vessel tortuosity
  • choroidal and tapetal hypoplasia
  • optic nerve coloboma
  • retinal separation with intraocular hemorrhage
33
Q

What is a cause of cyclopia/synopthalmos?

A

ingestion of veratrum californicum on day 14 of gestation

34
Q

What is microphthalmia?

A

when the globe is too small so the eyes do not open completely

35
Q

What is corneal dermoid?

A

haired skin develops on the conjunctiva or cornea

36
Q

What is a coloboma?

A

notch-like defects of optic disc, retina, and/or uvea as a result of defective closure of the embryonic fissure of the eye

37
Q

Features of Feline diffuse Iris Melanoma

A
  • most common intraocular neoplasm
  • most are malignant: raised lesions, velvet surface, distortion of pupils/iris
  • rate of glaucoma high
  • rate of metastasis low
38
Q

Features of Ciliary Adenoma/Carcinoma

A
  • more often in dogs than cats
  • most are benign
  • discrete nodules in posterior segment
39
Q

Features of intraocular sarcoma

A
  • unique to cats
  • arises following ocular trauma
  • malignant
40
Q

Features of uveal lymphoma

A
  • most common metastasis involving the eye
  • thickening/pallor of the uvea
  • exudate in anterior chamber

Pathology 2 (7 decks)

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