Female Reproductive System Flashcards
What gene is responsible for female differentiation?
Which are responsible for male?
- DAX1 promotes ovarian differentiation and development
- SRY gene coding for TDF which up-regulates Sox9 expression: testicular differentiation
What is Intersex?
means ambiguous genitalia are present
- does not indicate nature or etiology of the abnormality
What is a Chimera?
individual composed of two or more cell populations, each arising from different individuals
What is a Mosaic?
individual composed of two or more cell populations, but the cells originate within the same individual
What is a Free Martin?
Describe the pathogenesis and effects
- genetic female born with a male twin
- vascular anastomoses between placentas allow male hormones and cells to cross and suppress female development
- martin has small ovaries, blind-ended uterus, poorly developed vagina, enlarged clitoris, and seminal vesicles
What is a true hermaphrodite?
What is lateral, bilateral, and unilateral?
- ovary and testis present in same individual
- lateral: testis on one side, ovary on the other
- bilateral: ovotestes on both sides
- unilateral: ovotestes on one side, ovary or testis on the other
What is sex reversal?
animal in which gonadal sex does not follow chromosomal sex
What is pseudohermaphroditism?
chromosomal and gonadal sex match, but the internal or external genitalia are ambiguous
What is the common cause of female pseudohermaphroditism?
iatrogenic administration of androgens or progestagens during gestation
What is the cause of male pseudohermaphroditism?
failure of mullerian duct regression
What is the cause of a Cystic Graafian follicle?
What happens if it persists?
occur as a result of insufficient release of lutenizing hormone
- if persist, changes associated with prolonged estrogen stimulation
What are Dysgerminomas?
- tumors of primordial germ cells of the embryonic gonad
- all considered malignant
What are Teratomas?
uncommon neoplasm composed of abnormal tissue derived from at least 2 of the 3 germ cell layers
What are Call-Exner bodies?
- rosettes of granulosa cells surrounding pink proteinacious fluid
- diagnostic of granulosa cell tumors
What is hydrosalpinx?
the uterine tube is distended and full of clear, watery mucus
- usually secondary to obstruction
What is pyosalpinx?
accumulation of pus in the uterine tube following obstruction of the lumen
What are Cystic Gartner’s ducts?
vestigial remnants of Wolffian ducts
What are some causes of vulval tumefaction?
What can it lead to?
- physiological response to estrogens
- also due to persistent hyperestrogenism
- in sows, can be due to estrogenic effect of zearalenone in moldy grains
- may lead to vaginal prolapse
Describe granular vaginitis
nodular appearance of the vaginal mucosa associated with lymphoid proliferation in cattle
What is Infectious Pustular Vulvoaginitis?
- disease of cattle caused by BHV-1
- venerealy transmitted and causes epithelial necrosis
What is adenomyosis?
presence of endometrial glands and stroma between the muscle bundles of the myometrium
What is endometriosis?
- ectopic endometrial glands
- actively growing endometrial tissues explanted to aberrant sites
Define endometritis
inflammation of endometrium only (inner lining)
Define metritis
inflammation of all layers of the uterine wall
Define perimetritis
inflammation extending to tissues surrounding the uterus
What is Contagious Equine Metritis?
- clinical manifestations
- in stallions
- venereal disease of mares caused by Taylorella equigenitalis
- manifested by temporary infertility and mild to moderate inflammation of the endometrium
- stallions transmit disease but do not develop clinical signs
- reportable
What is segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric ducts?
In what animal is it commonly found?
- failure of segments of the uterine horn to develop
- commonly found in white shorthorn cattle
What is the result of imperfect fusion of the paramesonephric ducts?
double vagina
double cervix
uterus didelphys
What is the result of failure of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts with the urogenital sinus?
- persistence of tissue band running across the vagina, just cranial to the opening of the urethra
- imperforate hymen
What are hydatids of Morgagni?
paraovarian cysts in mares
What is the most common ovarian tumor in cows and mares?
granulosa cell tumor
What are the extragential lesions associated with pyometra?
- bone marrow depression and anemia
- marked EMH in spleen and liver
- marked leukocytosis
- immune complex glomerulonephritis
