Alimentary System - Oral, Stomach

Question 1

What is palatoschisis?

What is the problem?

Answer 1

• cleft palate
• central defect in the midline fusion of the palatine shelves, resulting in communication between oral and nasal cavity
• cannot create enough negative pressure, so cannot eat, and may result in aspiration pneumonia

Question 2

What are the causes of palatoschisis and cheiloshisis?

Answer 2

• often genetic disorder

- toxins (Veratrum californicum) or maternal drug exposure during pregnancy

Question 3

What are Malocclussions?

Answer 3

• failure of the upper and lower incisors to interdigitate properly
• results in difficulties with prehension and mastication

Question 4

What is brachygnathia?

What is prognathia?

Answer 4

brachygnathia - short lower jaw

prognathia - protrusion of lower jaw

Question 5

What causes periodontal disease?

Answer 5

• resident bacterial films and the acids and enzymes they produce
• leads to enamel, gingival, and periodontal ligament damage
• resorption of alveolar bone

Question 6

What is dental attrition?

Answer 6

loss of tooth structure caused by mastication

Question 7

What causes enamel hypoplasia?

Answer 7

• canine distemper virus

- intrauterine infection by BVDV

Question 8

What is Thrush?

Answer 8

• thickening of upper layer of the tongue (hyperkeratosis)

- caused by Candida spp.

Question 9

What is uremic glossitis?

Answer 9

• caused by renal failure

- increased levels of urea go to the oral cavity where the local bacteria use it to make caustic products

Question 10

Define vesicle

Answer 10

a raised lesion filled with clear fluid, located within the epithelium or between the epithelium and lamina propria

Question 11

Describe the pathogenesis of viral vesicular stomatitides

Answer 11

viral-induce epithelial damage > intracellular edema in keratocytes > vesicles > bulla > rupture leads to erosion and ulceration

Question 12

Describe the pathogenesis of foot and mouth disease

Answer 12

viral ingestion/inhalation > pharynx > viremia > oral mucosa and epidermal sites > lesions develop in areas subjected to mechanical injury

Question 13

What is Epulis?

Answer 13

a generic term for tumor-like masses on the gingiva

Question 14

Describe pyogenic granuloma

Answer 14

a bright red or blue mass on the gums of dogs

granulation tissue

Question 15

Describe canine oral papillomatosis

Answer 15

• papovavirus induced papilliform or cauliflower-type lesions in the lips and oral mucosa
• transmissible, usually affects animals under 1 year
• regress spontaneously
• immunity is long lasting

Question 16

What is the most common oral malignancy in dogs?

In cats?

Answer 16

dogs: oral melanoma
cats: squamous cell carcinoma

Question 17

What can be the cause of acquired megaesophagus?

Answer 17

can be idiopathic or a manifestation of myasthenia gravis

Question 18

What is choke?

Answer 18

esophageal obstruction

Question 19

Describe the result of a Spirocerca lupi infection

Answer 19

• results in chronic, granulomatous esophagitis which occasionally leads to formation of a sarcomatous lesion

Question 20

What does Gongylonema pulchrum cause?

Answer 20

forms blood filled tracks and small hematoma in the esophageal mucosa

Question 21

What causes primary ruminal tympany/bloat?

Answer 21

associated with new diets that promote the formation of stable foam

Question 22

What causes secondary ruminal tympany/bloat?

Answer 22

caused by physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus, resulting in failure to erucate

Question 23

What is chemical rumenitis?

Answer 23

lactic acidosis from excess carbohydrates/grain overload

Question 24

What are stellate ulcers?

Answer 24

healed ulcers in the rumen mucosa

Question 25

What are the signs of gastric dilation-volvulus?

Answer 25

abdominal distension, non-productive retching, hyersalivation, and restlessness

Question 26

Which side abomasal displacement is most common?

Answer 26

left-sided

- generally non-fatal

Question 27

What does Clostridium septicum cause?

Answer 27

• Braxy in sheep

- abomasitis, necro-hemorrhage with submucosal emphysema

Question 28

What is a cause of mycotic gastritis/abomasitis?

Answer 28

long-term antibiotic therapy which destroys resident bacteria flora and promotes growth of angio-invasive fungi

Question 29

What does Gasterophilus nasalis/intestinalis cause?

Answer 29

erosive-ulcerative lesions in the stomach of the horse

Question 30

What does Ostertagia species cause?

Answer 30

proliferative abomasitis in sheep and goats

“Moroccan leather” appearance

Question 31

What virus causes Vesicular Exanthema of Swine?

Answer 31

calicivirus

Question 32

What virus causes Swine Vesicular Disease?

Answer 32

enterovirus

Question 33

What virus causes Bovine Papular stomatitis?

Answer 33

parapoxvirus

Question 34

What does Draschia megastoma cause?

Answer 34

• granulomatous gastritis in the horse

- brood pouch close to the Margo plicatus