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Biology: Anatomy and Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

3 functions of the urinary system:

A

1) Excretion
2) Elimination
3) homeostatic regulation of blood plasma and solute concentration

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2
Q

5 Homeostatic Functions of Urinary System:

A

1) Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
2) Regulates plasma ion concentrations
3) helps stabilize pH
4) Conserves valuable nutrients
5) Assists liver in detoxifying poisons

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3
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter located?

A

In the urogenital diaphragm

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4
Q

What is the muscle contained in the muscularis layer of the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

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5
Q

3 regions of male urethra:

A

1) Prostatic
2) Membranous
3) Spongy

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6
Q

Another word for peeing?

A

Micturition

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7
Q

External Urethral Sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Its under voluntary control

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8
Q

How much blood flow through the kidneys?

A

1200 ml per minute

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9
Q

From where does the kidney receive blood from?

A

Renal Artery

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10
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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11
Q

What branches from the cortical radiant arteries and delivers blood to the glomerulus?

A

Afferent Arterioles

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12
Q

What two things make up the renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

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13
Q

Where does filtration occur in the nephron?

A

The renal corpuscle.

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14
Q

What receives fluid from many different nephrons, begins in the renal cortex, and carries fluid to the papillary duct?

A

The Collecting Duct

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15
Q

What kind of nephrons are responsible for most of the kidney’s filtration, and are 85% of all nephrons?

A

Cortical Nephron

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16
Q

Which kind of nephron has a large descending loop of Henle that descends all the way into the medulla and in which the peritubular capillaries connect to the vasa recta?

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

17
Q

What’s another name for visceral epithelium cells and what are contained in them?

A

Podocytes: Pedicles (Little Feet) and Filtration Slits (the finest filters)

18
Q

What are excluded in the passive filtration process in the glomerulus?

A

Larger solutes, such as plasma proteins

19
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?

A

125 mL/min, makes 180 liters of filtrate a day

20
Q

How does the autoregulation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) work?

A

regulates pressure by changing the diameter of the efferent and afferent arterioles and the glomerular capillaries

21
Q

How do you increase GFR filtration?

A

Dilation of afferent arteriole and glomerullar capillaries, and constriction of the efferent arteriole

22
Q

What are the 3 stimuli that cause JGA to release renin?

A

1) decreased blood pressure at glomerulus
2) sympathetic innervation of juxtaglomerular cells
3) decreased osmotic concentration at the distal convoluted tubule

23
Q

What converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I?

A

Renin

24
Q

What converts Angeiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

A

ACE (angiotensin-converting-enzyme)

25
Q

What are the 5 functions of Angiotensin II?

A

1) Constricts efferent arterioles of nephron / elevates glomerular pressures and filtration rates
2) reabsorption of Na+ at PCT
3) Stimulates secretion of aldosterone which increases absorption of Na+ in DCT
4) Stimulates thirst
5) triggers release of ADH which stimulates reabsorption of water in DCT

26
Q

What do the Natriuretic Peptides do?

A

trigger dilation of afferent and constriction of efferent arterioles.
Elevates glomerular pressures and increases GFR
Decreases reabsorption of Na+

27
Q

Where does most reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule >65%

28
Q

The thin descending loop of Henle is permeable to what?

A

Water, not solutes

29
Q

What does the thick ascending Loop of Henle do?

A

actively absorbs Na+ and Cl, not water or solutes

30
Q

What is the process called that occurs between the thick and thin loops of Henle involving reabsorption exchange of water and absorption of 2/3 of Na+ & Cl?

A

Countercurrent multiplication

31
Q

What happens in countercurrent multiplication concerning ions?

A

Ion concentration in tubular fluid declines

32
Q

Main function of DCT?

A

Selective reabsorption or absorption, making final adjustments in solute concentration and volume of tubular fluid

33
Q

What is the hormone Aldosterone?

A

Stimulates synthesis and incorporation of Na+ in the permeable membrane of the DCT and collective duct; reduces sodium lost in urine and retains sodium in blood

34
Q

What controls volume of water along the DCT and collective duct?

A

Facultative Water Reabsorption

35
Q

What is the hormone that causes special water channels to appear in the DCT and collective duct?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

36
Q

What continuously produces at least a small amount ADH?

A

Hypothalmus

37
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

Biology: Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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