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Biology: Anatomy and Physiology > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

6 functions of SKELETAL muscles:

A 
Produce skeletal movement,
Maintain body position, 
Support soft tissues,
Guard openings,
Maintain body temperature,
Store nutrient reserves.
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2
Q

What is another name for muscle cells?

A

Muscle fibers.

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3
Q

Name what muscles are made up of and that are covered with the endomysium.

A

Fascicle.

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4
Q

What are muscle fibers made of?

A

Makes up a fascicle,
Contain mitochondria, multi-nuclei,
Myofybrils, and myosatellite cells,
Sarcoplastic reticulum, and t-tubules.

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5
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm of muscle fiber.

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6
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The plasma membrane of muscle fiber.

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7
Q

What do the blood vessels in skeletal muscles do?

A

Supply large amounts of oxygen
Supply nutrients
Carry away wastes

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8
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Bundles of protein filaments.
Allow muscle contraction.
Thin filaments: ACTIN
Thick filaments: MYOSIN

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9
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

The contractile units of muscle in myofibrils.

Made up of actin and myosin and Titin

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10
Q

Bands and lines of Sacromeres:

A

A Band: where myosin filaments are found.
M line: center of A band, Midline of Sacromere.
Z line: center of I band, ‘z ends’ of Sacromere
H band: contain no thin filaments, only thick, area around M line

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11
Q

What are thick filaments?

A

Twisted myosin subunits that look like golf clubs. They contain Titin strand that recoil after stretching.
MYOSIN:
Tail: binds to other myosin molecules
Head: contain 2 protein subunits and reaches the nearest thin filament.

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12
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Double stranded filament.

Prevents interaction between actin and myosin.

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13
Q

What binds to tropomyosin?

A

The long, cylinder part of Troponin (A protein).
First dot binds to G actin.
Second dot binds to Calcium.

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14
Q

The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum regulates and stores what?

A

Calcium ions.

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15
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

Thin filaments of Sacromere slide along thick filaments toward M line, while the width of A says the same, but the Z lines move closer together and the H band gets smaller.

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16
Q

What causes muscle relaxation?

A

Calcium ion concentrations fall and detaches from troponin.

17
Q

What does the tension of a single muscle fiber depend on?

A

1) Fiber’s resting length at time of stimulation
2) Frequency of stimulation
3) Number of pivoting cross-bridges

18
Q

3 phases of twitch:

A

1) latent period before contraction
2) Contraction phase: calcium ions bind
3) Relaxation phase: calcium ion levels fall

19
Q

2 kinds of tetanus:

A

Incomplete tetanus: twitches reach maximum levels of tension, but continues to twitch maximally
Complete tetanus: muscles never begin to relax and is in continuous contraction

20
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single motor neuron with all muscle fibers interacted by it.

21
Q

3 types of skeletal muscle fibers:

A

1) Fast Fibers
2) Slow Fibers
3) Intermediate Fibers

22
Q

Fast fibers:

A 
Contract very quickly.
Have large diameter.
Large glycogen reserves.
Few mitochondria. 
Have strong contractions.
Fatigue quickly. 
(White Meat.)
23
Q

Slow fibers:

A 
Slow to contract, and slow to fatigue.
Have small diameter.
More mitochondria.
Have high oxygen supply.
Contain myoglobin. 
(Dark Meat).
24
Q

Intermediate fibers:

A

Mid-sized.
Have low myoglobin.
Have mor capillaries than fast fibers, slower to fatigue.

25
Q

What do muscles at rest metabolize?

A

Fatty acids and glucose (aerobic) and store glycogen.

26
Q

During light activity, muscles:

A

Generate ATP through aerobic breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids or amino acids.

27
Q

During peak activity, muscles:

A

Get energy provided by anaerobic reactions that generate lactic acid as byproduct.

28
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue:

A

1) Skeletal: attached to bones, allows us to move
2) Smooth: many other places
3) Cardiac: the heart

29
Q

Muscle Hypertrophy:

A

Muscle growth from heavy training.

30
Q

Muscle Atrophy:

A

Lack of muscle use: decreased muscles.

31
Q

Characteristics of Cardiocytes:

A

1) Small
2) Single nucleus
3) Aerobic (high in myoglobin, mitochondria)
4) Intercalated discs

32
Q

Intercalated Discs are…

A

connecting points between cardiocytes.

33
Q

SMOOTH MUSCLE:

A

Nonstriated tissue.

Has different arrangement of myosin and actin

Biology: Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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