Nutrition And Metabolism Flashcards
What is Cellular Metabolism?
Includes all chemical reactions in cells, as well catabolism.
What is catabolism?
Breakdown of organic substrates Releases energy (ATP) that synthesizes high energy compounds
What is anabolism?
Synthesis of new organic molecules
Requires input of energy (ATP) in order to form new chemical bonds
Three main organic compounds?
1) Glycogen: most abundant storage of carbs
2) Triglycerides: most abundant storage of lipids
3) Protein: most abundant organic component in the body
Aerobic respiration:
Generates ATP and other high-energy compounds by breaking down carbs.
4 stages of aerobic respiration:
1) Glycolysis
2) formation of acetyl coenzyme A
3) TCA cycle
4) Electron transport
What process breaks down cytosol into pyruvic acid?
What type of reaction is this?
Glycolysis
Anaerobic reaction: because it does not require oxygen
Which 2 stages are aerobic reactions?
TCA cycle and Electron Transport system
What are the two phases and net result of glycolysis?
Energy investment phase Energy capture phase Net Result: 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate
What happens during the formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A phase?
Pyruvate is oxidized, CO2 is diffused out of cell and into the blood stream as we breathe out.
What occurs during the TCA cycle?
Carbons are ultimately oxidized
broken down from the original nutrient molecule
Energy extracted in the form of NADH
Where in the mitochondria does the TCA cycle take place?
The matrix
What is the final electron transfer in the Electron Transport chain?
Oxygen.
In Electron Transport, what occurs in the inner membrane?
NADH –> Oxygen
In Electron Transport, what occurs in the intermembrane space?
Hydrogen ions are released
What is lipid catabolism called?
Lipolysis
What does Beta-Oxidation do?
Converts fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A in the mitochondria
For each 2-carbon fragment removed from fatty acid, cell gains:
12 ATP from acetyl-coenzyme A in TCA cycle,
5 ATP from NADH and FADH in Electron Transport
What is metabolism?
Any chemical reaction in an organism
Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids contain the maximum number of Hydrogen atoms, is solid at room temperature and found in animal fat.
Unsaturated fatty acids not completely saturated by hydrogen, include one or mo double bonds between carbon, and tends to be liquid at room temperature.
What are the free lipids that circulate through the bloodstream called?
Lipoproteins
Free fatty acids are a small percentage of lipoproteins.
What do lipoproteins contain?
Insoluble glycerides and cholesterol.
How many amino acids are proteins built from?
20
If other energy sources are inadequate, where does the mitochondria generate ATP from?
From amino acids in the TCA cycle
What is deamination?
Removal of an amine group and hydrogen atom from a molecule. Generates ammonium ion.
What is transamination?
Forms new amino acids by transfering an amino group to a ketoacid
What are highly toxic, and that the enzymes from the liver uses to synthesize urea?
Ammonium ions
What are the amino acids called that can produce all the body needs to build protein?
Nonessential amino acids
Essential amino acids means?
That they must be ingested
What tissue needs high energy and needs glucose concerning metabolic activity?
Neural tissue
Which proteins provide all essential amino acids?
Complete
Which are the fat soluble vitamins?
AEDK
What does the body produce as a by product of metabolism?
Heat
What are the two mechanisms for granting heat?
Shivering thermogenesis and non shivering thermogenesis
