Urinary System Flashcards
Although a great deal of waste material is discarded from the intestines, most was never truly within the body. Almost all of the waste products originating from within the body itself are removed and discarded by the ____.
Kidneys.
The kidneys play a major role in ____ by sorting useful and necessary molecules from that are toxic or unneeded.
Waste removal.
Urine is usually ____ but the pH can vary from ~4.5 to ~8.0 in response to changes in metabolism or diet.
Slightly acidic.
Urine composition is complex, but includes ions, ____ from catabolism or amino acids, ____ from catabolism of dietary nucleic acids and RNA, ____ from decomposition of creatine I the muscles and the yellow ____ from heme breakdown.
Urea;
Urate or Uric acid;
Creatinine;
Urobilins or urochrome
Excessive plasma concentrations of organic molecules (such as glucose) can overwhelm the kidneys transport proteins and results in ____.
The presence of organic molecules in the urine.
Damage to the structure of the urinary system from injury or infection can result in the presence of ____, ____ or ____ in the urine.
Large molecules;
Formed elements;
Cells.
In a healthy individual, urine is a(n) ____ liquid until it leaves the body, at which time bacteria present on the external genitalia may contaminate it.
Sterile.
Kidneys regulate blood ____ and ____ by altering the concentration of the urine (and thus, the amount of water lost or conserved) and by releasing ____.
Volume;
Pressure;
Renin.
By changing the amount of each ion which is conserved or discarded, the kidneys indirectly regulate the concentrations of solutes in the ____.
Blood OR body.
By alternating between direct disposal of urea and disposal of ammonia, and also by selectively secreting hydrogen or bicarbonate ions, the kidneys have a major influence on the body’s ____.
pH.
By monitoring their own oxygen supply and responding (if low) by releasing ____, a hormone, the kidneys regulate ____.
Erythropoietin;
Red blood cell synthesis.
The kidneys help to control bone density by regulating the disposal of, or conservation of, ____ in response to ____.
Calcium;
Parathyroid hormone.
