Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

In addition to transport proteins, blood plasma also contains proteins such as ____, which are needed to protect the body from invaders, and proteins needed for blood ____ in case of injury.

A

Antibodies;

Clotting.

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2
Q

____, _____, and _____ are the “formed elements.”

A

Erythrocytes;
Leukocytes;
Thrombocytes ( also called platelets )

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3
Q

The formed elements in blood are not simply called cells because two of three types don’t even have a(n) _____.

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

_____, or red blood cells, are small cells that are biconcave in shape. They lack nuclei and most organelles. Their major function is to carry the oxygen-binding protein ____.

A

Erythrocytes;

Hemoglobin

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5
Q

____ is an oxygen-binding _____ (light-absorbing chemical) that is responsible for the transport of most of the oxygen in the blood.

A

Hemoglobin;

Pigment

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6
Q

Hemoglobin is well known for its ability to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body, but on the return trip, it also carries about 20% of the ____ from the tissues to the body of the lungs.

A

Carbon dioxide

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7
Q

If erythrocytes had mitochondria, they would use ____ and would have less to deliver to tissues of the body. Instead, they rely on ____ for energy.

A

Oxygen;

Glycolysis.

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8
Q

Blood cell formation (____) occurs in the ____.

A

Hematopoiesis;

Red bone marrow.

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9
Q

All blood cells are descended from a single type of stem cell called a(n) ____, or ____. These stem cells divide, and some of their daughter cells become committed to forming specific types of blood cells.

A

Hematopoietic stem cell;

Hemocytoblast.

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10
Q

____ is the formation of erythrocytes.

A

Erythropoiesis.

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11
Q

The formation of erythrocytes is controlled by the hormone ____, most of which is produced by the ____ in response to a low supply of oxygen.

A

Erythropoietin;

Kidneys

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12
Q

After a hematopoietic stem cells descendent becomes committed to forming red blood cells, it begins to divide rapidly and fills with ____, which will be needed to synthesize hemoglobin.

A

Ribosomes.

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13
Q

After a cell which is destined to become a erythrocytes has accumulated enough hemoglobin to function, it shuts down and ejects the ____. At this stage, it is a functional but immature erythrocyte and is called a(n) ____.

A

Nucleus;

Reticulocyte.

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14
Q

Immature (but functional) erythrocytes normally make up ____ to ____ of the erythrocytes in the blood. Higher or lower numbers indicate a problem with the rate of erythrocyte formation.

A

1%;

2%

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15
Q

If there are too few erythrocytes in one’s blood, then ____.

A

Tissues with not receive enough oxygen.

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16
Q

There are roughly ____ erythrocytes in a microliter of blood, but only ____ leukocytes.

A

5,000,000 (5 million);

5,000 to 10,000

17
Q

An insufficient number of functional erythrocytes in the blood is a(n) ____.

A

Anemia

18
Q

Anemias may be due to an insufficient number of ____ (e.g., after a loss of blood), an insufficient number of ____ (e.g., when there is insufficient iron in the diet), or an abnormality in the ____ itself (e.g., as in sickle-cell anemia).

A

Erythrocytes;
Hemoglobin;
Molecule per erythrocyte;
Hemoglobin.

19
Q

If there are too many erythrocytes in ones blood, then the blood will be ____. Consequences including clotting, stroke, or heart failure.

A

Too thick.

20
Q

An excess number of erythrocytes in the blood is a(n) ____.

A

Polycythemia.

21
Q

Iron is required in the diet because it is needed to make ____ during erythropoiesis: however, too much iron is toxic.

A

Heme.

22
Q

Deficiencies in vitamin B12, folic acid, or major deficiencies in protein or energy, will all lead to problems with ____ formation.

A

Erythrocyte.

23
Q

Without nuclei or organelles, erythrocytes have no way to ____ damage.

A

Repair.

24
Q

As erythrocytes become old and damaged, they tend to become trapped in the smallest capillaries of the ____, where they are destroyed by ____..

A

Spleen;

Macrophages.

25
Q

When heme from old erythrocytes is broken down the ____ is recycled back by the body, while most of the remainder of the molecule is converted to a chemical called ____.

A

Iron;

Bilirubin.