Blood

Question 1

In addition to transport proteins, blood plasma also contains proteins such as ____, which are needed to protect the body from invaders, and proteins needed for blood ____ in case of injury.

Answer 1

Antibodies;

Clotting.

Question 2

____, _____, and _____ are the “formed elements.”

Answer 2

Erythrocytes;
Leukocytes;
Thrombocytes ( also called platelets )

Question 3

The formed elements in blood are not simply called cells because two of three types don’t even have a(n) _____.

Answer 3

Nucleus

Question 4

_____, or red blood cells, are small cells that are biconcave in shape. They lack nuclei and most organelles. Their major function is to carry the oxygen-binding protein ____.

Answer 4

Erythrocytes;

Hemoglobin

Question 5

____ is an oxygen-binding _____ (light-absorbing chemical) that is responsible for the transport of most of the oxygen in the blood.

Answer 5

Hemoglobin;

Pigment

Question 6

Hemoglobin is well known for its ability to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body, but on the return trip, it also carries about 20% of the ____ from the tissues to the body of the lungs.

Answer 6

Carbon dioxide

Question 7

If erythrocytes had mitochondria, they would use ____ and would have less to deliver to tissues of the body. Instead, they rely on ____ for energy.

Answer 7

Oxygen;

Glycolysis.

Question 8

Blood cell formation (____) occurs in the ____.

Answer 8

Hematopoiesis;

Red bone marrow.

Question 9

All blood cells are descended from a single type of stem cell called a(n) ____, or ____. These stem cells divide, and some of their daughter cells become committed to forming specific types of blood cells.

Answer 9

Hematopoietic stem cell;

Hemocytoblast.

Question 10

____ is the formation of erythrocytes.

Answer 10

Erythropoiesis.

Question 11

The formation of erythrocytes is controlled by the hormone ____, most of which is produced by the ____ in response to a low supply of oxygen.

Answer 11

Erythropoietin;

Kidneys

Question 12

After a hematopoietic stem cells descendent becomes committed to forming red blood cells, it begins to divide rapidly and fills with ____, which will be needed to synthesize hemoglobin.

Answer 12

Ribosomes.

Question 13

After a cell which is destined to become a erythrocytes has accumulated enough hemoglobin to function, it shuts down and ejects the ____. At this stage, it is a functional but immature erythrocyte and is called a(n) ____.

Answer 13

Nucleus;

Reticulocyte.

Question 14

Immature (but functional) erythrocytes normally make up ____ to ____ of the erythrocytes in the blood. Higher or lower numbers indicate a problem with the rate of erythrocyte formation.

Answer 14

1%;

2%

Question 15

If there are too few erythrocytes in one’s blood, then ____.

Answer 15

Tissues with not receive enough oxygen.

Question 16

There are roughly ____ erythrocytes in a microliter of blood, but only ____ leukocytes.

Answer 16

5,000,000 (5 million);

5,000 to 10,000

Question 17

An insufficient number of functional erythrocytes in the blood is a(n) ____.

Answer 17

Anemia

Question 18

Anemias may be due to an insufficient number of ____ (e.g., after a loss of blood), an insufficient number of ____ (e.g., when there is insufficient iron in the diet), or an abnormality in the ____ itself (e.g., as in sickle-cell anemia).

Answer 18

Erythrocytes;
Hemoglobin;
Molecule per erythrocyte;
Hemoglobin.

Question 19

If there are too many erythrocytes in ones blood, then the blood will be ____. Consequences including clotting, stroke, or heart failure.

Answer 19

Too thick.

Question 20

An excess number of erythrocytes in the blood is a(n) ____.

Answer 20

Polycythemia.

Question 21

Iron is required in the diet because it is needed to make ____ during erythropoiesis: however, too much iron is toxic.

Answer 21

Heme.

Question 22

Deficiencies in vitamin B12, folic acid, or major deficiencies in protein or energy, will all lead to problems with ____ formation.

Answer 22

Erythrocyte.

Question 23

Without nuclei or organelles, erythrocytes have no way to ____ damage.

Answer 23

Repair.

Question 24

As erythrocytes become old and damaged, they tend to become trapped in the smallest capillaries of the ____, where they are destroyed by ____..

Answer 24

Spleen;

Macrophages.

Question 25

When heme from old erythrocytes is broken down the ____ is recycled back by the body, while most of the remainder of the molecule is converted to a chemical called ____.

Answer 25

Iron;

Bilirubin.