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Medical Histology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

List the cells comprosing the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells

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1
Q

State the flow of urine starting with renal pyramids and ending with the ureter

A

Renal pyramids > [renal papilla > area cribosa] > minor calyces > major calyces > renal pelvis > ureter

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2
Q

What structures possess transitional (urinary) epithelium?

A

Minor calyces to bladder (prostatic urethra in males)

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3
Q

Generally, the renal cortex can be subdivided into what two sections?

A

Pars recta, pars convulata

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4
Q

What structures come together to form a renal lobe?

A

Renal pyramid with its associated cortical tissue

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5
Q

What structures come together to form a renal lobule?

A

Medullary ray and its associated cortical tissue

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6
Q

T/F: All nephrons within a renal lobule are drained by the same collecting duct

A

True

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7
Q

State the flow of blood through the kidney starting with the renal artery and ending with the efferent glomerular arteriole

A

Renal a. > segmental a. > lobar a. > interlobal a. > arcuate a. > interlobular a. > afferent a. > glomerulus > efferent a. > vasa recta

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8
Q

Longer loops of Henle allow juxtamedullary nephrons to form what type of urine?

A

Hypertonic

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9
Q

In what part of the nephron would you find eosinophilic, simple cuboidal epithelium with central, euchromatic nuclei that possess lots of microvilli and basal striations?

A

PCT

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10
Q

In what part of the nephron would you find smaller simple cuboidal epithelial cells that possess many more basal striations and an apically located nucleus, but with few microvilli?

A

DCT

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11
Q

In what part of the nephron would you find simple squamous epithelium with ‘tootsie roll’ wrapped cytoplasm also buldging into the lumen?

A

LOH

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12
Q

In what part of the nephron woud you find simple cuboidal epithelium which show copious lateral interdigitations (even in LM) that facilitate the absorption of water?

A

Collecting duct

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13
Q

What connects adjacent pedicels?

A

Slit diaphragm (made of nephrin protein)

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14
Q

What negatively charged coating layers pedicel surfaces?

A

Podocalyxin

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15
Q

The fused basal lamina of capillary endothelial cells and podocytes possesses what three structures?

A

Lamina rara interna, lamina dense, lamina rara externa

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16
Q

What structures comprise the interstitial space of the glomerulus?

A

Mesangium

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17
Q

What is the housekeeping function of mesangial cells?

A

Maintain functional integrity of basal lamina by phagocytosing molecules and/or debris

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18
Q

What filtration/homeostatic function(s) do mesangial cells possess?

A

Able to contract (decrease surface area/lumen size), possess receptors for angiotensin II and ANF

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19
Q

What material(s) is/are absorbed by PCT cells?

A

80% of NaCl, water; All glucose, amino acids, small proteins

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20
Q

Between the PCT and DCT, which tubule is recognized as having a more clear luminal appearance?

A

DCT

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21
Q

Between the PCT and DCT, which tubule is recognized as having more microvilli?

A

PCT

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22
Q

The thin LOH can be furthre broken down into four segments based on what features?

A

Cell shape, organelles, depth of tight junctions, and water permeability

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23
Q

Name an effect of angiotensin II

A

Stimulates release of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa, acts as potent vasoconstrictor, act on glomerular mesangial cells

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24
Q

As renal tubule cells are active in their absorption of (x), (y) are present in copious amounts, making their (z) stand out in LM

A

Water (x), lateral interdigitations (y), lateral borders (z)

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25
Q

Explain a logical sequence of light cells/dark cell mechanisms beginning with aldosterone induction

A

Aldosterone acts on light cells to intake sodium/output postassium, dark cells then intake potassium/output hydrogen ion (possibly from carbonic acid production), dark cells may also secrete bicarbonate to balance charges

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26
Q

Where are dark cells located?

A

Corticol collecting tubules, outer medullary collecting tubules

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27
Q

Which structure acts as a landmark between the cortex and medulla?

A

Arcuate artery

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28
Q

State the main function of the urinary system

A

Clear the blood of waste products, regulate body fluid concentration

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29
Q

State the flow of urine starting with the urinary space in the glomerulus and ending with the collecting duct

A

Urinary space > PCT > thick descending limb > LOH > thick ascending limb > DCT > collecting tubule > collecting duct

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30
Q

If an individual would desire to retain more water, which type of nephron would better suit this need?

A

Juxtamedullary

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31
Q

With regards to the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule, what two layers are known to be fused?

A

Basal laminas of podocytes and capillary endothelial cells

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32
Q

State the different parts of the nephron

A

Renal corpuscle, PCT, descending thick limb, LOH, ascending thick limb, DCT

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33
Q

What structure is on either side of a glomerular capillary fused basal lamina?

A

Endothelial cell (+fenestrations), pedicels

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34
Q

T/F: Only compounds can/cannot pass through filtration based on their size, but not their charge

A

False

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35
Q

What structures comprise the pars convulata?

A

Glomerulus, PCT, DCT

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36
Q

What structures comprise the pars recta?

A

All straight tubules: thick descending LOH, thick ascending LOH, collecting tubules/ducts

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37
Q

Cells of the thick descending LOH possess the same general features as which other nephron segment?

A

PCT

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38
Q

Cells of the thick ascending LOH possess the same general features as what other section of the nephron?

A

DCT

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39
Q

Describe the epithelium of the thin LOH

A

Simple squamous epithelium, nuclei buldge into the lumen, ‘wrapping’ cytoplasm protrude with cells

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40
Q

Thick ascending LOH cells are (x) to water; thus the luminal fluid in this area becomes (y)

A

Impermeable (x), hypotonic to blood (y)

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41
Q

Macula densa cells lie in the (x) while JG cells are in the (y)

A

DCT (x), afferent arteriole (y)

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42
Q

Macula densa cells are thought to sense (x) in the nephron lumen, which signal JG cells to release (y)

A

Low sodium concentration (x), renin (y)

43
Q

(x), produced by JG cells, acts on (y) which is produced in the (z)

A

Renin (x), angiotensinogen (y), liver (z)

44
Q

(x) is cleaved by renin to produce (y) in the (z)

A

Angiotensinogen (x), angiotensin I (y), blood (z)

45
Q

Angiotensin I travels to the (x), where (y) converts it to (z)

A

Lungs (x), ACE (y), angiotensin II (z)

46
Q

Explain the mechanism of increasing sodium retention by aldosterone

A

Aldosterone acts on renal tubule light cells to retain sodium, which when followed by water increases blood volume

47
Q

Collecting ducts are also called (x) and are comprised of only (y)

A

Ducts of Bellini (x), light cells (y)

48
Q

Subendothelial glands, termed (x), are present along the length of the male urethra and secrete (y)

A

Glands of Littre (x), mucous (y)

49
Q

Name two types of nephritis which may occur within the glomerulus

A

Mesangial, podocyte nephritis

50
Q

Which examples were given in class as affecting the descending LOH?

A

Acute renal failure, mercury poisoning

51
Q

Which hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates RBC production?

A

Erythropoietin

52
Q

What enzyme does the kidney produce that influences blood pressure and body plasma sodium concentration?

A

Renin

53
Q

T/F: The renal hilus is continuous with the renal sinus

A

True

54
Q

What is the name for the structure that can be described as a funnel-shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

55
Q

What is an alias for medullary rays?

A

Pars recta

56
Q

What structure is located at the apex of each renal pyramid?

A

Renal papilla

57
Q

What structure is located at the tip of each renal pyramid?

A

Area cribosa

58
Q

What is an alias for a renal collecting duct?

A

Duct of Bellini

59
Q

Nephrons can be classified as either (x) or (y) depending on their location

A

Corticol, juxtamedullary

60
Q

What is an alias for secondary podocyte processes?

A

Pedicels

61
Q

The DCT begins at which location?

A

Macula densa

62
Q

Which hormone acts on the collecting tubule

A

ADH (vasopressin)

63
Q

T/F: A single central cilium/flagellum extends into the lumen from the surface of each light cell

A

True

64
Q

What cells are present in the renal institium of the cortex? medulla?

A

Cortex: fibroblasts/mononuclear cells; Medulla: pericytes, unknown cell

65
Q

(x) underlies the bladder’s urinary epithelium, underneath which lies (y)

A

A thin basal lamina (x), fibroelastic CT (y)

66
Q

T/F: As the kidneys are retroperitoneal, they are lined externally by mesothelium

A

False

67
Q

What is the histological term for medullary extensions that break into the renal cortex?

A

Medullary rays

68
Q

What is an alias for the columns of coritcal tissue projecting between renal pyramids?

A

Renal columns of Bertin

69
Q

T/F: The nephron and collecting tubule(s) originate from separate primordia

A

True

70
Q

Which type of nephron has shorter LOHs?

A

Corticol

71
Q

Which type of nephron has longer LOHs?

A

Juxtamedullary

72
Q

Approximately what percentage of the pars convulata is comprised of PCTs?

A

80%

73
Q

The renal corpuscle is comprised of which two structures?

A

Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule

74
Q

What type of epithelium lines the outer wall (parietal layer, capsular layer) of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple sqamous epithelium

75
Q

What type of structure lines the glomerular capillaries?

A

Modified simple squamous epithelium (podocytes)

76
Q

What is the region termed where the afferent and efferent arterioles enter and leave the glomerulus, respectively?

A

Vascular pole

77
Q

What is the region termed where the urinary space enters into the PCT?

A

Urinary pole

78
Q

T/F: Podocytes only have primary processes

A

False

79
Q

What type of capillaries are found in the glomerulus?

A

Fenestrated

80
Q

T/F: Slit diaphragms are found spanning glomeruli endothelial cell fenetrations

A

False

81
Q

What are the components of glomerular ultrafiltrate?

A

Water, ions, small molecules

82
Q

The mesangium contains what material(s)?

A

Mesangial cells, ECM

83
Q

Which part of the nephron is the longest?

A

PCT

84
Q

T/F: PCT cells are highly active in protein absorption

A

True

85
Q

T/F: PCT cells do not possess lateral borders with extensive interdigitations

A

False

86
Q

T/F: PCT cells play a role in plasma acid/base balance

A

True

87
Q

T/F: Hydrogen ions are secreted in exchange for bicarbonate ions at the PCT

A

True

88
Q

T/F: The thin LOH is comprised of descending, middleand ascending parts

A

True

89
Q

Cells of the thick ascending LOH possess (x) nuclei and many (y)

A

Apically-located (x), basal striations (y)

90
Q

T/F: DCT cells possess extensive lateral interdigitations

A

True

91
Q

T/F: JG cells are believed to be modified smooth muscle cells

A

True

92
Q

What junctional complexes might allow the communication of cells in the JG apparatus?

A

Gap junctions

93
Q

T/F: The JG apparatus is located at the urinary pole of the glomerulus

A

False

94
Q

T/F: Collecting tubules possess similar functions despite their location in the kidney

A

False

95
Q

In the medulla, (x) is transported into the renal interstitium via collecting tubule cells

A

Urea

96
Q

What are aliases for light and dark cells of the collecting tubule?

A

Light/principal, dark/intercalated

97
Q

Where would the nuclei be located in each cell type: light cell? dark cell?

A

Centrally (light), apical (dark)

98
Q

T/F: Dark cells are fewer in number than light cells

A

True

99
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are present in the ureter?

A

Upper two/thirds: 2 lower third: 3

100
Q

The ureter lumen has a (x) appearance

A

Stellate

101
Q

The bladder possesses (x) epithelium which is connected via (y)

A

Transitional (x), junctional complexes (y)

102
Q

T/F: Junctional complexes usually break when their attached cells are distended, except in the bladder

A

True

103
Q

As the lower ureter has (x) muscular layers, so does the bladder

A

Three

104
Q

What are the different partitions of the male urethra?

A

Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, cavernous (spongy)

105
Q

What types of epithelium lines the male urethra?

A

Transitional, stratified columnar, pseudostratified columnar

106
Q

What types of epithelium lines the female urethra?

A

Stratified squamous, psuedostratified columnar

Medical Histology (11 decks)

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