Cell Biology Flashcards
List the cardinal signs of acute inflammation
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Neutrophils secrete (x) (also called y) which is a fever-inducing agent capable of inducing the synthesis of prostaglandins (which can act on the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus)
IL-1 (x), pyrogen (y)
(x) serves as the signaling molecule tagged on a vesicle destined for a lysosome
Mannose 6-phosphate
The (x) recognizes lysosomal proteins in the trans golgi network for transport to lysosomes
Mannose 6-phosphate receptor
What organelles are specialized to compartamentalize and degrade toxic reactive oxygen molecules?
Peroxisomes
List some functions of peroxisomes
Degrade toxic reactive species, detoxification (e.g. alcohol), fat metabolism
List some functions of microtubules
Maintain cell shape/movement/cell polarity, intracellular transport, chromosome movement, beating of cilia/flagella
What structures emanate from almost all cells, develop from the mother centriole of the centrosome, and play a role in right/left symmetry in development?
Primary cilia
What are the four structural changes in myosin motor processing?
Attachment, Release (ATP binding), Cocked (ATP hydrolysis), Force-generating (power-stroke, ADP release)
Describe the mechanism of neutrophil phagocytosis
PMN recognizes Ag, Ag engulfed by pseudopods, pseudopods fuse, phagosome is formed, primary/secondary granules fuse with phagosome, digested material is exocytosed or stored as residual body
SER is abundant in cells that specialize in (x)
Lipid metabolism, detoxification, sequester calcium
(x) are folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane which contain proteins that function in cellular respiration
Cristae
Dynein microtubules can be found in which locations?
Cytoplasmic, axonemes
List a cell that uses each of the following protrusion structures: filopodia? lamellopodia? pseudopodia?
Fibroblasts (filopodia), fibroblasts/epithelial cells/some neurons (lamellipodia), neutrophils (pseudopodia)
List the two primary components of inflammation
Exudative, cellular
Describe the mechanism to which ribosomes know to direct a protein towards the ER
mRNA possesses an encoded protein region targeted to the ER membrane
Only mRNA molceules with a/an (x) bind to ER membranes
ER signal sequences
T/F: RER and SER comprise one continuous structure
True
(w) mediates (x) transport from the golgi to the ER while (y) mediates (z) transport from the ER to the golgi
COP-I (w), retrograde (x), COP-II (y), anterograde (z)
What pathways can golgi vessicles be directed?
Constitutive (basolateral, apical), regulated, lysosomal
What are the three major types of cytoskeletal components?
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments
Actin filaments are termed (x) structures and have both a fast growing (y) end and slow growing (z) end
Polarized (x), positive (y), negative(z)
What are the major functions of intermediate filaments?
Stabilize cell structure, resist shearing forces
Intermediate filaments extend across the cell cytoplasm and connect with (x) and (y)
Desmosomes (x) and hemidesmosomes (y)
What are the major classes of intermediate filaments?
Keratin, vimentin, neurofilaments, lamins
Microtubules are nucleated at the centrosome with their (x) ends while their (y) ends radiate out towards the cell periphery
Negative (x), positive (y)
Each (x) contains a pair of (y) which are arranged in 9(3)+0 arrangements
Centrosome (x), centrioles (y)
Centrioles are utilized in what cell processes?
Locomotion (cilia, flagella), cytokinesis, development
Microtubules are termed (x) structures and have both a fast growing (y) end and slow growing (z) end
Polarized (x), positive (y), negative(z)
Which part of the actin polymerization complex is in high concentration near the front of lamellopodia?
ARP-minus ends
The (x) family of proteins is an example of cell motility structures which can be induced from extracellular signaling
Rho
List the two general classifications of inflammation
Acute, chronic
List some examples of stressors which may cause inflammation
Burns, chemical irritants, frostbite, toxins, infection, physical injury, immune hypersensitivity, radiation
Mediator molecules stimulate (x) to permit the migration of leukocytes into inflammed tissue
Endothelial cells
The (w) face of the gogli is where molecules (x) where as molecules (y) from the opposite face termed (z)
Cis (w), enter (x), trans (y), exit (z)
Actin molecules added to the positive end of filaments are bound to what molecule?
ATP
Each centriole microtubule triplet consists of one (x) and two (y) microtubules, all of them being (z)
Complete (x), incomplete (y), fused (z)
Kinesins are (x) end-directed motor proteins, while dyneins are (y) end-directed
Positive (x), negative (y)
Cilia and flagella are built from what cytoskeletal components?
Microtubules, dyneins
(x) can be describe as prolonged inflammation which can lead to a variety of diseases
Chronic inflammation
This condition may arise as a consequence of massive neutrophil inflammatory response
Fever
Which molecule(s) may be expressed on endothelial surfaces to signal the need for neutrophil extravasation?
Selectin, integrin receptors
Briefly describe the granules of neutrophils
Primary (azurophilic): lysozymes, Secondary (specific): complement activators, lactoferrin, Tertiary: phosphatases, metalloproteases
What type of pathologies can result from genetic defects in one or more lysosomal hydrolases?
Lysosomal storage diseases
What structures incorporate actin microfilaments and crosslink them to villin?
Microvilli
List an example given in class of a disorder from dysfunctional primary cilia
Polysystic kidney disease
(x) is the process by which neutrophils exit from the blood to tissues via blood vessels
Extravasation
List some examples of pathologies in which inflammation is largely present
Asthma, chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, hypersensitivities
In allergic reactions, (x) degranulate releasing (y) substances to produce an inflammatory response
Mast cells (x), vasoactive (y)
Severe inflammatory responses may mature into a systemic response known as (x)
Anaphylaxis
Which cells are most likely already present in all tissues and can function to initiate the inflammation process?
Resident macrophages, mast cells
(x) mediate bidirectional traffic between the ER and golgi
Coat protein complexes
List some examples of cell inclusions
Glycogen, lipid, pigments
(x) generally is seen in non-dividing cells as a brown-gold pigment which accumulates in cells over years
Lipofuscin
(x) is an brown-pigmented iron-storage complex found in the cytoplasm likely formed by indigestible residues of hemoglobin
Hemosiderrin
List some proteins that are present on the outer mitochondrial membrane
Porins, phospholipase, acetyl-CoA synthase
List some proteins that are present in the intermembranous space in mitochondria
Creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, cytochrome c
What major functions does the inner mitochondrial membrane play?
Oxidation reactions, synthesize ATP, regulate metabolite transport into mitochondrial matrix
What are some characteristics of mitochondrial DNA?
Double stranded, circular, maternally derived, encodes 13 enzymes/2 rRNA/22 tRNA
Actin filaments are made of what structures?
G-actin, F-actin
T/F: Intermediate filaments can be found in prokaryotes
False
What term can be associated with a ‘vimentin’ intermediate filament?
Mesoderm
What term can be associated with a ‘lamin’ intermediate filament?
Nucleus
T/F: Intermediate filaments, like actin, are polar in nature
False
Which cellular structure act as microtuble organizing centers?
Centrosome
Microtubules are made from (x) protein subunits, each of which has a (y)
Tubulin (x), alpha-beta dimer (y)
Microtubules act as tracks that (x) can move along within the cell
Motor proteins
Which proteins bind to microtubules in cilia allowing locomotion/bending?
Dyenin
What receptors are derived from primary cilia?
Photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
What molecules allow locomotion within the cytoskeleton?
Actin-based (myosin), microtubule-based (kinesin, dynein)
Which terminal of the protein is located at the head of a myosin molecule?
N-terminal
What are the basic steps in cell motility?
Protrusion, attachment, contraction
T/F: Different cell types generate different types of protrusion structures based on organization of actin
True
List the different protrusion structures involved in cell motility and denote their general structure
Filipodia (1-dimensional), lamellipodia (2-dimensional), pseudopodia (3-dimensional)
Actin filaments polymerize with their positive ends facing (x)
Forward
Actin minus ends frequently attach to each other via (x)
Actin-related proteins (ARP)
List the different Rho family monomeric GTPases involved with cell motility and their general functions
Rho: stress fiber formation, Rac:actin proliferation > lamellipodia, Cdc42: actin proliferation > filopodia/microspikes
The exact movement of neutrophils across the epithelium is termed what?
Transmigration
(x) can be described as a complex, adaptive and biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli
Inflammation
T/F: The absense of inflammation would compromise the survival of an organism
True
(x) can be described as the body’s initial response to harmful stimuli
Acute inflammation
The movement of plasma fluid into inflammed tissue due to vascular changes is termed the (x) component of inflammation
Exudative
The movement of leukocytes from the blood into inflammed tissue and their subsequent release of chemical mediators is termed the (x) component of inflammation
Cellular
(x) migrate along a (y) gradient created by local cells to reach the site of injury
Neutrophils (x), chemotactic (y)
T/F: PMNs never die as a result of phagocytosis
False
The (x) plays a large role in lipid and protein biosynthesis
ER
At certain sites, the (x) is continuous with the outer nuclear envelope membrane
ER membrane
(x) are made in the nucleolus and function to synthesize proteins
Ribosomes
Where can ribosomes be found?
Membrane-bound (ER), free floating in cytosol
(x) is the term used to describe the event when numerous ribosomes bind to a single mRNA
Polyribosome
(x) are regions of ER which lack ribosomes
SER
The (x) plays a large role in the post-translational modification of cellular products
Golgi apparatus
Each gogli stack has (x)
Two faces
Golgi apparatus are especially well developed in which cells?
Plasma cells, pancreatic acinar cells
T/F: Molecules undergo disordered modifications on their way through the golgi
False
What is an example of a molecule that is processed in the golgi?
Oligosaccharides
What is an example of a molecule that is assembled in the golgi?
Proteoglycans
This organelle functions to control intracellular digestion of macromolecules
Lysosomes
T/F: The interior of a lysosome is basic in nature
False
What pathways exist for lysosomal degredation?
Phagocytosis, endocytosis, autophagy
The primary function of mitochondria is to do what?
Convert potential chemical energy into ATP
T/F: Mitochondria have two lipid bilayers
True
The (x) is responsible for maintaining cell shape, support and movement
Cytoskeleton
T/F: Actin filaments are required for cell contraction and motility
True
What term can be associated with a ‘keratin’ intermediate filament?
Epithelium
Neurofilaments extend from the neuron (x) into where?
Cell body (x), axons/dendrites
T/F: Microtubules are can be both highly dynamic or stable molecules
True
What is the microtubule arrangement of cilia?
9(2) + 2 (apical), 9(3) + 0 (basal body)
Which molecule generates the force for skeletal muscle contraction, with each head binding and hydrolyzing ATP?
Myosin II
Of the microtubules, which motor proteins have been deemed the fastest?
Dynein
The movement of leukocytes within the tissue is most often a result of what process?
Chemotaxis
