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Cell Biology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

List the cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

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1
Q

Neutrophils secrete (x) (also called y) which is a fever-inducing agent capable of inducing the synthesis of prostaglandins (which can act on the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus)

A

IL-1 (x), pyrogen (y)

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2
Q

(x) serves as the signaling molecule tagged on a vesicle destined for a lysosome

A

Mannose 6-phosphate

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3
Q

The (x) recognizes lysosomal proteins in the trans golgi network for transport to lysosomes

A

Mannose 6-phosphate receptor

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4
Q

What organelles are specialized to compartamentalize and degrade toxic reactive oxygen molecules?

A

Peroxisomes

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5
Q

List some functions of peroxisomes

A

Degrade toxic reactive species, detoxification (e.g. alcohol), fat metabolism

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6
Q

List some functions of microtubules

A

Maintain cell shape/movement/cell polarity, intracellular transport, chromosome movement, beating of cilia/flagella

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7
Q

What structures emanate from almost all cells, develop from the mother centriole of the centrosome, and play a role in right/left symmetry in development?

A

Primary cilia

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8
Q

What are the four structural changes in myosin motor processing?

A

Attachment, Release (ATP binding), Cocked (ATP hydrolysis), Force-generating (power-stroke, ADP release)

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9
Q

Describe the mechanism of neutrophil phagocytosis

A

PMN recognizes Ag, Ag engulfed by pseudopods, pseudopods fuse, phagosome is formed, primary/secondary granules fuse with phagosome, digested material is exocytosed or stored as residual body

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10
Q

SER is abundant in cells that specialize in (x)

A

Lipid metabolism, detoxification, sequester calcium

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11
Q

(x) are folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane which contain proteins that function in cellular respiration

A

Cristae

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12
Q

Dynein microtubules can be found in which locations?

A

Cytoplasmic, axonemes

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13
Q

List a cell that uses each of the following protrusion structures: filopodia? lamellopodia? pseudopodia?

A

Fibroblasts (filopodia), fibroblasts/epithelial cells/some neurons (lamellipodia), neutrophils (pseudopodia)

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14
Q

List the two primary components of inflammation

A

Exudative, cellular

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15
Q

Describe the mechanism to which ribosomes know to direct a protein towards the ER

A

mRNA possesses an encoded protein region targeted to the ER membrane

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16
Q

Only mRNA molceules with a/an (x) bind to ER membranes

A

ER signal sequences

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17
Q

T/F: RER and SER comprise one continuous structure

A

True

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18
Q

(w) mediates (x) transport from the golgi to the ER while (y) mediates (z) transport from the ER to the golgi

A

COP-I (w), retrograde (x), COP-II (y), anterograde (z)

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19
Q

What pathways can golgi vessicles be directed?

A

Constitutive (basolateral, apical), regulated, lysosomal

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20
Q

What are the three major types of cytoskeletal components?

A

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments

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21
Q

Actin filaments are termed (x) structures and have both a fast growing (y) end and slow growing (z) end

A

Polarized (x), positive (y), negative(z)

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22
Q

What are the major functions of intermediate filaments?

A

Stabilize cell structure, resist shearing forces

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23
Q

Intermediate filaments extend across the cell cytoplasm and connect with (x) and (y)

A

Desmosomes (x) and hemidesmosomes (y)

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24
Q

What are the major classes of intermediate filaments?

A

Keratin, vimentin, neurofilaments, lamins

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25
Q

Microtubules are nucleated at the centrosome with their (x) ends while their (y) ends radiate out towards the cell periphery

A

Negative (x), positive (y)

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26
Q

Each (x) contains a pair of (y) which are arranged in 9(3)+0 arrangements

A

Centrosome (x), centrioles (y)

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27
Q

Centrioles are utilized in what cell processes?

A

Locomotion (cilia, flagella), cytokinesis, development

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28
Q

Microtubules are termed (x) structures and have both a fast growing (y) end and slow growing (z) end

A

Polarized (x), positive (y), negative(z)

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29
Q

Which part of the actin polymerization complex is in high concentration near the front of lamellopodia?

A

ARP-minus ends

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30
Q

The (x) family of proteins is an example of cell motility structures which can be induced from extracellular signaling

A

Rho

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31
Q

List the two general classifications of inflammation

A

Acute, chronic

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32
Q

List some examples of stressors which may cause inflammation

A

Burns, chemical irritants, frostbite, toxins, infection, physical injury, immune hypersensitivity, radiation

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33
Q

Mediator molecules stimulate (x) to permit the migration of leukocytes into inflammed tissue

A

Endothelial cells

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34
Q

The (w) face of the gogli is where molecules (x) where as molecules (y) from the opposite face termed (z)

A

Cis (w), enter (x), trans (y), exit (z)

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35
Q

Actin molecules added to the positive end of filaments are bound to what molecule?

A

ATP

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36
Q

Each centriole microtubule triplet consists of one (x) and two (y) microtubules, all of them being (z)

A

Complete (x), incomplete (y), fused (z)

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37
Q

Kinesins are (x) end-directed motor proteins, while dyneins are (y) end-directed

A

Positive (x), negative (y)

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38
Q

Cilia and flagella are built from what cytoskeletal components?

A

Microtubules, dyneins

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39
Q

(x) can be describe as prolonged inflammation which can lead to a variety of diseases

A

Chronic inflammation

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40
Q

This condition may arise as a consequence of massive neutrophil inflammatory response

A

Fever

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41
Q

Which molecule(s) may be expressed on endothelial surfaces to signal the need for neutrophil extravasation?

A

Selectin, integrin receptors

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42
Q

Briefly describe the granules of neutrophils

A

Primary (azurophilic): lysozymes, Secondary (specific): complement activators, lactoferrin, Tertiary: phosphatases, metalloproteases

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43
Q

What type of pathologies can result from genetic defects in one or more lysosomal hydrolases?

A

Lysosomal storage diseases

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44
Q

What structures incorporate actin microfilaments and crosslink them to villin?

A

Microvilli

45
Q

List an example given in class of a disorder from dysfunctional primary cilia

A

Polysystic kidney disease

46
Q

(x) is the process by which neutrophils exit from the blood to tissues via blood vessels

A

Extravasation

47
Q

List some examples of pathologies in which inflammation is largely present

A

Asthma, chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, hypersensitivities

48
Q

In allergic reactions, (x) degranulate releasing (y) substances to produce an inflammatory response

A

Mast cells (x), vasoactive (y)

49
Q

Severe inflammatory responses may mature into a systemic response known as (x)

A

Anaphylaxis

50
Q

Which cells are most likely already present in all tissues and can function to initiate the inflammation process?

A

Resident macrophages, mast cells

51
Q

(x) mediate bidirectional traffic between the ER and golgi

A

Coat protein complexes

52
Q

List some examples of cell inclusions

A

Glycogen, lipid, pigments

53
Q

(x) generally is seen in non-dividing cells as a brown-gold pigment which accumulates in cells over years

A

Lipofuscin

54
Q

(x) is an brown-pigmented iron-storage complex found in the cytoplasm likely formed by indigestible residues of hemoglobin

A

Hemosiderrin

55
Q

List some proteins that are present on the outer mitochondrial membrane

A

Porins, phospholipase, acetyl-CoA synthase

56
Q

List some proteins that are present in the intermembranous space in mitochondria

A

Creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, cytochrome c

57
Q

What major functions does the inner mitochondrial membrane play?

A

Oxidation reactions, synthesize ATP, regulate metabolite transport into mitochondrial matrix

58
Q

What are some characteristics of mitochondrial DNA?

A

Double stranded, circular, maternally derived, encodes 13 enzymes/2 rRNA/22 tRNA

59
Q

Actin filaments are made of what structures?

A

G-actin, F-actin

60
Q

T/F: Intermediate filaments can be found in prokaryotes

A

False

61
Q

What term can be associated with a ‘vimentin’ intermediate filament?

A

Mesoderm

62
Q

What term can be associated with a ‘lamin’ intermediate filament?

A

Nucleus

63
Q

T/F: Intermediate filaments, like actin, are polar in nature

A

False

64
Q

Which cellular structure act as microtuble organizing centers?

A

Centrosome

65
Q

Microtubules are made from (x) protein subunits, each of which has a (y)

A

Tubulin (x), alpha-beta dimer (y)

66
Q

Microtubules act as tracks that (x) can move along within the cell

A

Motor proteins

67
Q

Which proteins bind to microtubules in cilia allowing locomotion/bending?

A

Dyenin

68
Q

What receptors are derived from primary cilia?

A

Photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

69
Q

What molecules allow locomotion within the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin-based (myosin), microtubule-based (kinesin, dynein)

70
Q

Which terminal of the protein is located at the head of a myosin molecule?

A

N-terminal

71
Q

What are the basic steps in cell motility?

A

Protrusion, attachment, contraction

72
Q

T/F: Different cell types generate different types of protrusion structures based on organization of actin

A

True

73
Q

List the different protrusion structures involved in cell motility and denote their general structure

A

Filipodia (1-dimensional), lamellipodia (2-dimensional), pseudopodia (3-dimensional)

74
Q

Actin filaments polymerize with their positive ends facing (x)

A

Forward

75
Q

Actin minus ends frequently attach to each other via (x)

A

Actin-related proteins (ARP)

76
Q

List the different Rho family monomeric GTPases involved with cell motility and their general functions

A

Rho: stress fiber formation, Rac:actin proliferation > lamellipodia, Cdc42: actin proliferation > filopodia/microspikes

77
Q

The exact movement of neutrophils across the epithelium is termed what?

A

Transmigration

78
Q

(x) can be described as a complex, adaptive and biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli

A

Inflammation

79
Q

T/F: The absense of inflammation would compromise the survival of an organism

A

True

80
Q

(x) can be described as the body’s initial response to harmful stimuli

A

Acute inflammation

81
Q

The movement of plasma fluid into inflammed tissue due to vascular changes is termed the (x) component of inflammation

A

Exudative

82
Q

The movement of leukocytes from the blood into inflammed tissue and their subsequent release of chemical mediators is termed the (x) component of inflammation

A

Cellular

83
Q

(x) migrate along a (y) gradient created by local cells to reach the site of injury

A

Neutrophils (x), chemotactic (y)

84
Q

T/F: PMNs never die as a result of phagocytosis

A

False

85
Q

The (x) plays a large role in lipid and protein biosynthesis

A

ER

86
Q

At certain sites, the (x) is continuous with the outer nuclear envelope membrane

A

ER membrane

87
Q

(x) are made in the nucleolus and function to synthesize proteins

A

Ribosomes

88
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

Membrane-bound (ER), free floating in cytosol

89
Q

(x) is the term used to describe the event when numerous ribosomes bind to a single mRNA

A

Polyribosome

90
Q

(x) are regions of ER which lack ribosomes

A

SER

91
Q

The (x) plays a large role in the post-translational modification of cellular products

A

Golgi apparatus

92
Q

Each gogli stack has (x)

A

Two faces

93
Q

Golgi apparatus are especially well developed in which cells?

A

Plasma cells, pancreatic acinar cells

94
Q

T/F: Molecules undergo disordered modifications on their way through the golgi

A

False

95
Q

What is an example of a molecule that is processed in the golgi?

A

Oligosaccharides

96
Q

What is an example of a molecule that is assembled in the golgi?

A

Proteoglycans

97
Q

This organelle functions to control intracellular digestion of macromolecules

A

Lysosomes

98
Q

T/F: The interior of a lysosome is basic in nature

A

False

99
Q

What pathways exist for lysosomal degredation?

A

Phagocytosis, endocytosis, autophagy

100
Q

The primary function of mitochondria is to do what?

A

Convert potential chemical energy into ATP

101
Q

T/F: Mitochondria have two lipid bilayers

A

True

102
Q

The (x) is responsible for maintaining cell shape, support and movement

A

Cytoskeleton

103
Q

T/F: Actin filaments are required for cell contraction and motility

A

True

104
Q

What term can be associated with a ‘keratin’ intermediate filament?

A

Epithelium

105
Q

Neurofilaments extend from the neuron (x) into where?

A

Cell body (x), axons/dendrites

106
Q

T/F: Microtubules are can be both highly dynamic or stable molecules

A

True

107
Q

What is the microtubule arrangement of cilia?

A

9(2) + 2 (apical), 9(3) + 0 (basal body)

108
Q

Which molecule generates the force for skeletal muscle contraction, with each head binding and hydrolyzing ATP?

A

Myosin II

109
Q

Of the microtubules, which motor proteins have been deemed the fastest?

A

Dynein

110
Q

The movement of leukocytes within the tissue is most often a result of what process?

A

Chemotaxis

Medical Histology (11 decks)

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