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Medical Histology > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What structures are present within a lobule testis?

A

1-4 seminiferous tubules, loose CT (fibroblasts), nerves, vessels, interstitial cells of Leydig

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1
Q

What are the three CT layers of the testis?

A

Tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, tunica vasculosa

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2
Q

Trace the path in which sperm travel beginning with the seminiferous tubules

A

Seminiferous tubules > tubuli recti > rete testes > ductuli efferentes > epididymus > vas deferens > ampulla > ejaculatory duct > urethra > penis

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3
Q

After being created in the (x), sperm pass into the (y) which is lined by a(n) (z) epithelium

A

Seminiferous tubules (x), tubuli recti (y), simple cuboidal (z)

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4
Q

Ductuli efferentes give a(n) (x) appearance while rete testis can give a(n) (y) appearance

A

Hills and valleys (x), slit/Alfred Hitchcock ‘Psycho’ (y)

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5
Q

What is/are the function(s) of the Sertoli cell?

A

Protection/nutrition of developing spermatozoa, formation of blood-testes barrier, phagocytose excess cytoplasm discarded by developing spermatids, contain FSH receptors, synthesize ABP, secrete inhibin

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6
Q

Which pathways/mechanisms are enveloped by the term spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, spermiogenesis

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7
Q

When presented with (x), Sertoli cells synthesize (y) which binds (z), concentrating it to permit sperm maturation

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, x), androgen-binding protein (ABP, y), testosterone (z)

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8
Q

Trace the path of spermatogenesis cell staging starting with spermatogonia

A

Type A spermatogonia > Type B spermatogonia > primary spermatocytes > secondary spermatocytes > spermatids > spermatozoa

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9
Q

List and differentiate the types of spermatogonia

A

Pale type A (divide to make more pale type A or type B), dark type A (reserve to make more pale type A), type B (give rise to primary spermatocytes)

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10
Q

What structures are present within spermatids?

A

Pair of centrioles, mitochondria, free ribosomes, SER, Golgi

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11
Q

What phenomenon can be described as a wave-like sequence of spermatozoa phase maturation and how does this relate to the development timeline?

A

Cycle of seminiferous epithelium, one cycle takes 16 days x 4 cycles = 64 days for maturation

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12
Q

What temperature must be maintained for proper spermatogenesis to occur and what structures aid in this temperature maintenance?

A

35C, pampiniform plexus of veins/testicular artery, sweat evaporation, cremaster muscle

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13
Q

The cells lining tubuli recti are (x) in shape and possess (y) on their luminal surface

A

Simple cuboidal (x), a single flagellum (y)

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14
Q

The (x) epithelium of the epididymis possesses both (y) and (z) cells

A

Pseudostratified (x), basal (y), principle (z)

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15
Q

In the epididymis, basal cells serve to (x) while principle cells (y)

A

Remain as precursor cells (x), absorb fluid/keep spermatozoa ‘in check’ (y)

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16
Q

Epididymal principle cells secrete (x) which likely inhibits (y)

A

Glycerophosphocholine (x), capacitation (y)

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17
Q

T/F: The ejaculatory duct lacks a muscular wall

A

True

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18
Q

Seminal vesicles possess (x) epithelium which has both (y) and (z) cells

A

Pseudostratified columnar (x), low columnar (y), cuboidal (z)

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19
Q

The secretory product of seminal vesicles is a yellow, (x) fluid that is rich in (y) and consists of about (z)% of human ejaculate

A

Viscous (x), fructose (y), 70% (z)

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20
Q

When induced by (x), the prostate release a whitish, thin fluid containing (y), citric acid, lipids and (z)

A

DHT (x), proteolytic enzymes (y), acid phosphatase (z)

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21
Q

The portion of the skin that covers the glans penis (an extension of the (x)), is termed (y) and is lined by (z) epithelium

A

Corpus spongiosum (x), prepuce (y), SSNK (z)

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22
Q

Which arteries are utilized during the male erection?

A

Helicine arteries

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23
Q

Which organelles are prominent in Leydig cells?

A

Mitochondria, Golgi, SER

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24
Q

Once stimulated by (x), which arises from the (y), Leydig cells produce (z)

A

LH (x), anterior pituitary (y), testosterone (z)

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25
Q

Spermatozoa are produced in (x) which are lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Seminiferous tubules (x), complex, stratified epithelium

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26
Q

LH acts on (x) cells, while FSH produces its effects on (y) cells

A

Leydig cells (x), Sertoli cells (y)

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27
Q

Which cells in spermatogenesis are considered stem cells?

A

Pale type A spermatogonia (dark type A act as reserve)

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28
Q

Cell divisions: Type B spermatogonia undergo (x), primary spermatocytes undergo (y) to become secondary spermatocytes which under complete the (z) to become spermatids

A

Mitosis (x), Meiosis I (y), second meiotic division (z)

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29
Q

Sperm daughter cells remain connected to each other during development, forming a (x)

A

Syncytium

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30
Q

What are the four phases of spermiogenesis?

A

Golgi, cap, acrosome, maturation

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31
Q

(x) enzymes facilitate the dissociation of the cells of the (y) and digestion of the (z)

A

Acrosomal (x), corona radiata (y), zona pellucida (z)

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32
Q

(x) cells of ductuli efferentes possess (y) and function to (z)

A

Cuboidal (x), microvilli and lysosomes (y), concentrate semen/reabsorp fluid (z)

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33
Q

(x) cells of ductuli efferentes possess (y) and function to (z)

A

Columnar (x), cilia (y), transport nonmotile spermatozoa toward the epididymis

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34
Q

The (x) is the dilated portion of the ductus deferens; its epithelium is (y) and greatly (z)

A

Ampulla (x), thickened (y), folded (z)

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35
Q

Both the lamina propria and adventita of the male seminal vesicles are made of what tissue?

A

Fibroelastic CT

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36
Q

(x) consist of glycoproteins, are sometimes observed in prostate gland lumens and increase in liklihood with (y)

A

Prostatic concretions (x), age (y)

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37
Q

The skin that covers the penis lacks (x), has few (y) and contains smooth muscle in the (z) layer

A

Hair follicles (x), sweat glands (y), hypodermis (z)

38
Q

What pathology occurs when the testis fails to descend?

A

Cryptochidism

39
Q

In prostatic carcinoma which enzyme concentrations may be elevated?

A

Acid phosphatase

40
Q

The epithelium of seminiferous tubules is surrounded by what cells?

A

Myoid cells

41
Q

Describe the shape/structure/extent of a Sertoli cell

A

Columnar, complex in shape, extend from basal lamina to lumen

42
Q

Which organelles are prominent in Sertoli cells?

A

Mitochondria, Golgi, SER, lysosomes (some RER)

43
Q

What term refers to division the spermatogonia to divide and provide a continuous supply of developing sperm?

A

Spermatocytogenesis

44
Q

What term describes two successive divisions of diploid chromosomal material resulting in haploid spermatids?

A

Meiosis

45
Q

What term describes the cytodifferentiation and transformation of spermatids to form spermatozoa?

A

Spermiogenesis

46
Q

T/F: Sertoli cells do not secrete any fluids to aid in transporting spermatozoa to genital ducts

A

False

47
Q

What is the function of inhibin?

A

Inhibit FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary

48
Q

Approximately how long does spermatogenesis take to complete?

A

64 days

49
Q

The first meiotic division in sperm takes place in (x) cells and can last up to (y) days

A

Primary spermatocytes (x), 22 days (y)

50
Q

Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene and diplotene are all included in the (x) stage of meiosis I

A

Prophase

51
Q

The (x) phase of spermiogenesis is characterized by the formation of proacrosomal granules in the golgi complex

A

Golgi phase

52
Q

The (x) phase of spermatogenesis is characterized by the expansion of the acrosomal vesicle over the nucleus, forming the acrosomal cap

A

Cap phase

53
Q

(x) possess hydrolytic enzymes such as acid phosphatase, neuraminidase, hyaluronidase, protease and phosphatase

A

Acrosomes

54
Q

The (x) phase of spermatogensis is characterized by nuclear condensation/flattening, mitochondria aggregation and spermatid elongation

A

Acrosome phase

55
Q

Which cytoskeletal element is thought to aid in spermatid elongation?

A

Microtubules

56
Q

The (x) phase of spermatogenesis is characterized by excess cytoplasm being discarded and phagocytosed by Sertoli cells

A

Maturation phase

57
Q

T/F: ABP can bind both testosterone and estrogen

A

True

58
Q

Describe the epithelium of ductuli efferentes

A

Alternating clusters of nonciliated cuboidal and ciliated columnar cells, function to reabsorp fluid from semen

59
Q

What term describes the process whereby sperm become capable of fertilizing an ovum?

A

Capacitation

60
Q

Capacitation begins in the (x) and is not completed until (y)

A

Epididymis (x), sperm reach the oviduct (y)

61
Q

Describe the epithelium of the vas deferens

A

Pseudostratified with stereocilia, three layers of smooth muscle

62
Q

The seminal vesicle glands are extensively (x), even moreso than the (y)

A

Folded (x), gall bladder (y)

63
Q

Seminal vesicle columnar cells have many (x) granules, contain a large golgi, many mitochondria and an abundant (y)

A

Yellow lipochrome pigment (x), RER (y)

64
Q

Glands of the prostate are arranged into (x) concentric layers around the (y) and are surrounded by a (z) capsule possessing smooth muscle

A

Three (x), urethra (y), fibroelastic (z)

65
Q

(x) epithelium lines prostate glandular tissue; which organelles are abundant in these cells?

A

Simple or pseudostratified colunar epithelium (x), RER, golgi, lysosomes, secretory granules

66
Q

Paired (x) and the single (y) make up the main erectile components of the penis

A

Corpora cavernosua (x), corpus spongiosum (y)

67
Q

The (x) are mucus secreting glands that are also present throughout the length of the penile urethra

A

Glands of Littre

68
Q

When stained with H&E, what observations are made in Leydig cells?

A

Empty spaces where lipid-based molecules were stored

69
Q

Which two general cells are present within seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells

70
Q

T/F: Sertoli cells display large nucleoluses

A

True

71
Q

Sertoli cells form occluding junctions with adjoining cells to form what structure?

A

Blood-testes barrier

72
Q

T/F: Spermatogonia are haploid

A

False

73
Q

Why are dark type A spermatogonia so termed?

A

Dark nuclei

74
Q

T/F: Primary spermatocytes are diploid

A

True

75
Q

T/F: Secondary spermatocytes are diploid

A

False

76
Q

What events occur during spermiogenesis?

A

Acrosome, tail development, nuclear condensation, cytoplasm shedding

77
Q

Centrioles migrate away from the nucleus, form the flagellar axoneme then return to the nucleus to form what part of a spermatozoa?

A

Tail piece

78
Q

T/F: Estrogen, when bound to ABP, can inhibit spermatogenesis

A

True

79
Q

(x) are short straight tubules which convey spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testis

A

Tubuli recti

80
Q

T/F: Cells lining the rete testis are different than those lining the tubuli recti

A

False

81
Q

This structure is surrounded by vessel rich CT, subdivided into a head/body/tail and is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Epididymis

82
Q

T/F: Epididymal principle cells possess stereocilia

A

True

83
Q

List the accessory glands which serve to produce most of the seminal fluid

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

84
Q

The (x) ducts join the (y) just prior to entering the prostate gland

A

Seminal vesicle (x), vas deferens (y)

85
Q

T/F: Deep to the lamina propria of seminal vesicles lie an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

A

True

86
Q

T/F: Only the gall bladder, but not the seminal vesicle, possessed pseudo lumens

A

False

87
Q

The (x) surrounds the urethra as it exists the bladder and consists of 30-50 tubuloalveolar glands which empty their contents into (y)

A

Prostate (x), prostatic urethra (y)

88
Q

Glands of the prostate are divided into what layers?

A

Central, transitional and peripheral

89
Q

Secretion of the prostate gland is under the influence of what hormone?

A

Dihydrotestosterone

90
Q

The thick fibrous CT sheath covering the three erectile bodies of the penis is termed what?

A

Tunica albuginea

91
Q

Which erectile body surrounds the spongy urethra?

A

Corpora spongiosum

92
Q

T/F: The corpora spongiosum trabeculae contain more elastic fibers and only a few smooth muscle cells

A

True

93
Q

During erotic stimulation, the (x) nervous system signals the shutting of (y) shunts resulting in blood engorged (z)

A

PSNS (x), arteriovenous (y), erectile tissue (z)

Medical Histology (11 decks)

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