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Medical Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

SEE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TABLES

A

SEE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TABLES

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1
Q

What structure has been found to increase the spread of infection within alveoli?

A

Pores of Kohn

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2
Q

What exit route(s) are available to a filled alveolar macrophage?

A

1) Carried up airway to pharynx > swallowed, 2) migrate to insterstitium, leave via lymphatics

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3
Q

What structure is unique to the nasal cavity with regards to its epithelium?

A

Multiple cells invaginate, but remain on the epithelial surface creating intraepithelial glands

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4
Q

Compare the microfilament arrangements of olfactory and normal cilia and basal bodies

A

9(1)+2 > 9(2)+2 (olfactory), 9(2)+2 (normal), 9(3)+0 (basal)

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5
Q

What type of CT is present above/below each C-ring of cartilage in the trachea?

A

Fibrocartilage

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6
Q

Ciliated cells in respiratory epithelium beat towards the (x) and contain (y)

A

Pharynx (x), microvilli (y)

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7
Q

What unusual function do mucous ‘brush’ cells of the trachea possess?

A

Able to divide and replace desquamated cells (unusual for such a differentiated cell)

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8
Q

Once (x) is present within secondary bronchi, (y) can be removed as structural supports

A

Dual ribbons of smooth muscle (x), cartilage [plates] (y)

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9
Q

Where are Clara cells located and what is their cellular composition?

A

Bronchioles, abundance of SER

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10
Q

Describe the smooth muscle present in the following structures: terminal bronchioles? respiratory bronchioles? alveolar ducts?

A

Continous ring (terminal), plates (respiratory), knobs (alveolar duct)

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11
Q

What structures are present in interalveolar septa?

A

Type I/II pneumocytes, (continuous) capillaries, alveolar macrophages (dust cells), minimal ECM (elastic, reticular fibers)

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12
Q

What are some aliases for a type II pneumocyte?

A

Granular pneumocyte, septal cell, great pneumocyte

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13
Q

Describe the layers gas must pass through to reach the blood from an alveolar sac

A

Alveolar sac > surfactant > alveolar epithelium (T1P) > lamina rara externa > lamina densa > lamina rare interna > endothelium > blood

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14
Q

What are the two main divisions of the respiratory system and what are each’s function?

A

Conducting-warm/moisten/filter air towards alveoli, Respiratory-gaseous exchange

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15
Q

In olfactory epithelium, what structures do Bowman’s glands replace?

A

Goblet cells

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16
Q

What cell types are present in olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory (nerve), supporting (sustenacular), basal

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17
Q

List the structures which comprise the true vocal cords

A

Vocalis muscle, vocal ligament (SSNK)

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18
Q

Superior to the true vocal cords lies the (x) which possesses (y)

A

False vocal cord (x), loose CT + glands + lymphoid aggregations (y)

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19
Q

Cartilage in the trachea is (x) shaped, while in bronchi cartilage is (y)

A

C (x), plated (y)

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20
Q

What cell types are present in the trachea (respiratory epithelium)?

A

Ciliated columnar, mucous ‘brush’, goblet, enteroendocrine (APUD), stem (basal)

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21
Q

As the walls of the respiratory bronchiole are broken up by (x), what function can take place?

A

Alveoli (x), gaseous exchange

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22
Q

Granules within type II pneumocytes are termed (x) and possess (y)

A

Lamellar bodies/cytosomes (x), surfactant (y)

23
Q

What are some aliases for an alveolar macrophage?

A

Dust cell, alveolar phagocyte

24
Q

Large amounts of (x) tissue allow the lungs to expand during inspiration and (y) recoil during expiration

A

Elastic (x), passively (y)

25
Q

Which alveolar cell is responsible for producing surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocytes

26
Q

Technically, what is the first portion of the nasal cavity?

A

Vestibule

27
Q

What substance do Bowman’s glands secrete?

A

Mucous

28
Q

Describe the microfilaments within an olfactory cell cilium

A

Proximal third is 9(2)+2, distal 2/3 is 9(1)+2

29
Q

What structures are present in the lamina propria of olfactory epithelium?

A

Veins, unmyelinated nerves, Bowman’s glands

30
Q

In the larynx, what structures possess hyaline cartilage?

A

Thryoid, cricoid, lower part of arytenoids

31
Q

In the larynx, what structures possess elastic cartilage?

A

Epiglottis, corniculate, tips of arytenoids

32
Q

Which structures secrete mucous in the trachea?

A

Goblet cells, small mucous granule ‘brush’ cells

33
Q

What structures begin to appear in the bronchioles?

A

Clara cells

34
Q

Adjacent alveoli communicate with each other via (x)

A

Pores of Kohn

35
Q

What structures comprise the conduction portion of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles > terminal bronchioles

36
Q

What structures comprise the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sacs, alveoli

37
Q

The keratinized epithelium of nares contains what structures?

A

Sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands

38
Q

What structures can be defined as short, thick hairs which filter out large particles from inspired air?

A

Vibrassae

39
Q

List distinguishing factors of olfactory supporting cells

A

Apical nuclei, microvilli, prominent terminal web

40
Q

T/F: Small mucous granule ‘brush’ cells do not possess microvilli

A

False

41
Q

T/F: Tracheal submucosa possesses seromucous glands

A

True

42
Q

T/F: Bronchioles possess cartilage in their walls

A

False

43
Q

What is present for support in the walls of bronchioles?

A

Smooth muscle

44
Q

What type of epithelium is present in primary bronchioles?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells

45
Q

What type of epithelium is present in terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with cilia (some) and Clara cells

46
Q

T/F: Clara cells are only present in bronchioles

A

True

47
Q

What is the most distal part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Terminal bronchiole

48
Q

What cartoon character do Clara cells resemble?

A

Casper the ghost

49
Q

T/F: Terminal bronchioles possess complete smooth muscle rings within their walls

A

False

50
Q

What is the first structure within the respiratory portion of the lung?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

51
Q

What structure is continuous with the respiratory bronchiole and consists of closely spaced alveoli?

A

Alveolar ducts

52
Q

Which alveolar cell is responsible for reproducing pneumocytes?

A

Type II pneumocytes

53
Q

Approximately what percentage of aleveolar space is covered by type I pneumocytes?

A

90%

54
Q

What type of capillaries are found in alveoli?

A

Continuous

55
Q

What type of cellular junctions are found between type I pneumocytes?

A

Tight junctions

56
Q

The basal laminas of type I pneumocytes and capillary endothelium is said to be (x)

A

Fused

Medical Histology (11 decks)

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