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Medical Histology > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
A
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1
Q

The tonsilar capsule is lined tightly by a lateral structure which functions to do what?

A

Protect deep structures of pharynx/neck (e.g. nerves)

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2
Q

What general actions are T cells responsible for?

A

Destorying antigens, activating B cells

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3
Q

What two type of lymphoid material are present in the body?

A

Tissue and organs

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4
Q

What are the three types of lymphoid tissue present in the body?

A

Loose, dense and nodular

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5
Q

What are the two subtypes of nodular lymphoid tissue?

A

Solitary and aggregate nodular lymphoid tissue

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6
Q

What is the main distinguising factor between loose and dense lymphoid tissue?

A

Few (loose) and many (dense) lymphocytes present

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7
Q

What mechanism is behind a germinal center’s pale appearance?

A

Proliferating B cells expand, creating more space between nuclei (leading to more pale appearance)

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8
Q

T/F: Germinal centers are not present in the thymus

A

True

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9
Q

Explain the structures present to create the blood-thymus barrier

A

Supportive thymic epithelial reticular cells, desmosomes, continuous blood vessels

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10
Q

What is the name of the unique structure found in the thymic medulla?

A

Hassall corpuscle

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11
Q

What section of the thymus do T cells mature and migrate into the blood?

A

Medulla

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12
Q

Name the function(s) of lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph, aid in mounting immune response

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13
Q

T/F: Lymphoid follicles can be found within a lymph node’s cortex

A

True

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14
Q

Trace lymphatic drainage beginning with afferent lymphatic vessels

A

Afferent lymphatic vessel > subcapsular sinus > trabecular sinus > medullary sinus > efferent lymphatic vessel

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15
Q

What cells are present in the paracortex?

A

T cells

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16
Q

Name the function(s) of the spleen

A

Filter blood, start immune response to blood borne antigen

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17
Q

Splenic white pulp nodules exhibit a peripheral zone around their central arteriole termed what?

A

Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)

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18
Q

What type of cell resides in PALS?

A

T cell

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19
Q

What structure resides at the center of PALS?

A

Central arteriole

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20
Q

What occurs if an RBC cannot re-enter the venous sinusoid?

A

Destroyed by resident macrophage

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21
Q

What occurs in each splenic circulation theory?

A

Open - blood vessel terminates in red pulp, closed - vessels are continuous

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22
Q

Name the four tonsils

A

Tubal, pharyngeal, palantine, lingual

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23
Q

Where do all lymphocytes originate?

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

T/F: All lymphocytes reach full maturity and immunocompetency in the bone marrow

A

False

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25
Q

T/F: Immunocompetent B cells are activated against a specific antigen

A

True

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26
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow, thymus

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27
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil

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28
Q

Lymphatic vessels enter though a lymph node’s (x) and exit through it’s (y)

A

Afferent lymphatic vessel, efferent lymphatic vessel

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29
Q

What structures are present between follicles in the outer cortex of a lymph node?

A

T cells, reticular cells, macrophages, APCs

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30
Q

What type of blood vessels ar present in the deep cortex and lymph node medulla to allow for lymphocytes to enter the blood stream?

A

High endothelial venule (HEVs)

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31
Q

What types of cells are generally present in lymph node medullary cords?

A

B cells, plasma cells, macrophages

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32
Q

What types of cells are generally present in lymph node medullary sinuses?

A

Macrophages, reticular cells, granulocytes (during infection)

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33
Q

PALS occurs in which pulp?

A

White

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34
Q

What two general structures are present in splenic red pulp?

A

Splenic cords (of Billroth), splenis (venous) sinuses

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35
Q

What structures do natural killer cells attack?

A

Virally infected cells, cancerous cells

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36
Q

What cell gives rise to a pluripotent stem cell?

A

Yolk sac cells

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37
Q

What cells are present in the cortex of the thymus?

A

Lymphocytes, supportive reticular cells

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38
Q

What cells are present in the medulla of the thymus?

A

Mature/Immunocompetent T cells, remnants of ERCs

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39
Q

Lymphatic nodules are primarily made of what type of cell?

A

B cells

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40
Q

What phenomenon can be described as a lymphocyte being retained by it’s chosen lymph node?

A

Homing

41
Q

In general, what is the function of the lymph node medullary sinus?

A

Retard lymph flow to enhance filtration

42
Q

What type of cell resides within germinal centers?

A

B cells

43
Q

What two theories are presented regarding splenic circulation?

A

Open, closed

44
Q

What subclassifications of lymphocytes are present in the lymphatic system?

A

T cell, B cell, natural killer cell

45
Q

What is an alias for nodular lymphoid tissue?

A

Follicular lymphoid tissue

46
Q

Name an example of an aggregate nodular lymphoid tissue

A

Peyer’s patches (GIT)

47
Q

List some characteristics of loose lymphoid tissue

A

Initial immune response, no capsule

48
Q

List some characteristics of dense lymphoid tissue

A

Contained in meshwork, no capsule

49
Q

T/F: Primary lymphoid follicles possess germinal centers

A

False

50
Q

From what embryological origin does the thymus come from?

A

Third pharyngeal pouch

51
Q

T/F: The thymus possesses afferent lymphatic vessels

A

False

52
Q

T/F: The blood-thymus barrier is found in the thymic medulla

A

False

53
Q

Physically, what is a Hassall corpuscle?

A

Spherical, degenerative masses of epithelial reticular cells

54
Q

What two general structures can be found in the lymph node medulla?

A

Medullary cords and sinuses

55
Q

What is an alias for trabecular sinus?

A

Radial sinus

56
Q

Name the aliases for the lymph node paracortex

A

Deep cortex, inner cortex

57
Q

What is the largest lymph organ?

A

Spleen

58
Q

The splenic capsule possesses what unique cell types?

A

Myofibroblast

59
Q

What cell types are present in splenic red pulp cords?

A

Reticular fibers, RBCs, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, granulocytes

60
Q

What type of capilaries are found in splenic red pulp sinuses?

A

Sinusoidal

61
Q

What type of cells line splenic venous sinuses?

A

Tall endothelial cells

62
Q

T/F: The tonsils are part of GALT

A

True

63
Q

T/F: Lymph nodes can serve as site of metastases for cancerous cells

A

True

64
Q

What is represented by the swelling of lymph nodes?

A

Lymphocyte response to antigens, proliferating of germinal center

65
Q

Why is the swelling of lymph nodes painful?

A

Capsule distension leads to nervous signaling to CNS

66
Q

If the spleen is removed via splenectomy, which organ likely takes over the spleen’s functions?

A

Liver

67
Q

Why are children more vulnerable for infection after a splenectomy?

A

Few antibodies/plasma/memory cells present, more prone to infection

68
Q

If food/debris is caught in tonsilar crypts, what may occur?

A

Infection

69
Q

Infected pharyngeal tonsils are termed what?

A

Adenoids

70
Q

What symptom do children with swollen adenoids present with?

A

Difficulty breathing (pharynx obstruction)

71
Q

REVIEW IMMUNE RESPONSE TABLE

A

REVIEW IMMUNE RESPONSE TABLE

72
Q

What are the subclassifications of lymphoid organs?

A

Primary and secondary

73
Q

What type of cellular structure is present to create a blood-tissue barrier in the thymus?

A

Tight junctions

74
Q

What type of tissue is present within subcapsular sinuses?

A

Loose reticular cells and fibers

75
Q

A medullary cord is composed of what kind of lymphoid tissue?

A

Dense lymphoid

76
Q

What type of epithelium covers the spleen?

A

Mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium, visceral peritoneum)

77
Q

What is the main purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

Protect body against pathogens/antigens

78
Q

Approximately what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are T cells?

A

60-70%

79
Q

In what organ do T cells mature and reach immunocompetency?

A

Thymus

80
Q

In what organ do B cells mature and reach immunocompetency?

A

Bone marrow

81
Q

What structure do activated B cells become?

A

Plasma cells

82
Q

What is the main product of plasma cells?

A

Antibodies

83
Q

T/F: Innate immunity responses can be classified as fast and nonspecific

A

True

84
Q

T/F: Adaptive immunity responses can be classified as not producing memory cells

A

False

85
Q

Where can loose lymphoid tissue be found?

A

GALT, MALT

86
Q

Where can dense lymphoid tissue be found?

A

Walls of GIT, genitourinary tract, respiratory tract

87
Q

T/F: Neither loose, dense or nodular lymhphoid tissue possess capsules

A

True

88
Q

What are the three main compartments of the thymus?

A

Cortex (outer), paracortex (middle), medulla (inner)

89
Q

What shape are thymic epithelial reticular cells?

A

Stellate

90
Q

After puberty, the thymus is said to undergo what process?

A

Involution

91
Q

T/F: Lymph nodes do not have capsules

A

False

92
Q

The capsule of the spleen is made of what type of tissue?

A

Dense CT

93
Q

When lymphocytes proliferate within germinal centers, what occurs with regards to the location of PALS?

A

PALS is pushed towards the periphery

94
Q

What is the main function of splenic red pulp?

A

Filtration of blood

95
Q

T/F: The basal lamina of splenic venous sinuses are considered somplete

A

False

96
Q

T/F: Macrophages may insert their processes into splenic sinuses to check for circulating antigens

A

True

97
Q

Invaginations located within tonsils are termed what?

A

Tonsilar crypts

98
Q

Tonsilar crypts are lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized

99
Q

The pharyngeal tonsil is covered by what type of epiethlium?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Medical Histology (11 decks)

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