Urinary System Flashcards
What’s the distribution of grades for iUC?
70% grade 3
29% grade 2
1% grade 1
What is the rate of nodal and distant metastasis at necropsy for dogs with iUC?
Nodal: 42%
Distant: 48% –> lungs = most common (50%)
33% had both nodal and distant metastasis
What % of bony metastasis is noted on necropsy for dogs with iUC?
9-14%
What’s the percentage of urethral and prostate involvement for canine iUC?
urethra: 58%
prostate: 29%
What’s the percentage of 2nd tumour for canine iUC at necropsy?
13%
Explain the WHO staging for iUC.
Based on the WHO iUC staging, what’s the percentage of dogs with T2 and T3 tumours?
T2 = 78%
T3 = 20%
Which genetic mutation is detected in 80% of canine iUC?
B-raf
this is part of MAPK pathway
Which 2 IHC’s are commonly used for iUC?
uroplakin III
GATA 3
What’s the outcome of partial cystectomy + COX2 inhibitor +/- chemo for canine iUC?
Marvel 2017: PFI = 235 days, MST = 348 days. Subset of patient MST = 722 days (daily piroxicam therapy, with or without chemotherapy)
Fullkerson 2015: MST = 749 days
What is the outcome with urethral stents for canine iUC?
Urethral stents: MST 20-78 days
lower urinary signs persist
incontinence in 25-39% of dogs
What is the outcome with ureteral stents for canine iUC?
Ureteral stents: MST 57 days
What’s the utility of CO2 and infrared ablation for canine iUC?
has complications, and may be no better than medical management alone
What’s the outcome of radiation therapy for canine iUC?
Nolan 2012: PFI = 317 days, MST = 654 days
Prescriptions for initial courses of IM/IGRT ranged from 54–58 Gy delivered in 20 daily fractions on a Monday to Friday basis (2.7–2.85 Gy per fraction administered over 28–31 days)
What are some acute and late RT side effects for canine iUC?
From Nolan 2012:
Acute side effects = colitis - 38%; hyperpigmentation/ erythema - 19%; stranguira - 5%
Late side effects = urethral stricture - 9%; rectal and ureteral stricture - 5%
What’s the outcome of palliative RT for canine iUC?
From Choy and Fidel 2016:
CR/PR = 60%
SD = 30%
10 daily fx @ 2.7 Gy
What is the outcome of vinblastine single agent for canine iUC?
2-2.5mg/m2 IV every 2 weeks –> PFI = 143 days, MST = 407 days. With piroxicam afterwards = 531 days
Vinblastine + piroxicam = better response rate than vinblastine alone (58% vs 22%) –> PFI = 199 days, MST = 299 days
What is the outcome of mitoxantrone single agent for canine iUC?
Mitoxantrone + piroxicam –> 35% remission rate, MST = 241 days
What is the outcome of carboplatin single agent for canine iUC?
Carboplatin + piroxicam –> 38% remission, but more side effects compared to other protocols
What is the outcome of metronomic chemotherapy for canine iUC?
Chlorambucil @ 4mg/m2 PO daily
- PR in 1 dog (3%), SD in 20 (67%)
PFI = 119 days, MST = 221 days
- 10% with bone marrow suppression @ 3 months
80% @ 1 year
What is the outcome of COX inhibitor for canine iUC?
Piroxicam:
- CR 3%, PR 18%, SD 59%
PFI = 120 days, MST = 244 days
Firocoxib:
- CR 0%, PR 20%, SD 33%
Deracoxib:
- CR 0%, PR 17%, SD 71%
What are some alternative medical treatments for canine iUC?
Palladia + vinblastine – no better than vinblastine alone protocols
Vemurafinib – targets Braf, but has paraneoplastic cutaneous SCC
What are some prognostic factors for canine iUC?
- TNM staging
- young age – increases risk of nodal metastasis
- prostate involvement – increases risk of distant metastasis
- increased T stage – increases both nodal and distant metastasis
What’s the effectiveness of squash preparation for canine iUC?
The absence of neutrophilic infiltration, the presence of multinucleated cells, and nuclear molding were associated with urinary bladder carcinoma, resulting in a sensitivity of 0.98, specificity of 0.65, accuracyof0.89, PPVof0.88, and NPVof0.92
Usefulness of squash preparation cytology in the diagnosis of canine urinary bladder carcinomas. Pierinin 2022