Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the outcome of nasal planum tumour in dogs treated with surgery?

A

Generally good, recurrence is possible especially with incomplete margins. Bigger cut (incisivectomy/ maxillectomy) +/- RT may improve outcome.

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2
Q

What’s the outcome of nasal planum SCC in cats treated with surgery?

A

Very good, 10% recurrence (62 cats).
- median DFI = 594 days (1.6y; single); 426 days (multiple SCC)
- MST = 673 days (1.8y); 530 days (~1.5y)

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3
Q

What’s the outcome of surgical curettage and diathermy for feline SCC of the nasal planum?

A

Generally not advised as most SCC are invasive, but one study only had 6% recurrence within 18m

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4
Q

What’s the outcome of RT for canine nasal planum SCC?

A

disappointing, all recur within 2-3 months

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5
Q

What’s the outcome of RT for feline nasal planum SCC?

A

Orthovoltage: PFS 60%
Megavoltage: DFI 361-916 days; MST 902 (~2.5y)
Accelerated RT with protons: PFS 64%, MST 946 (2.6y)

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6
Q

What’s the outcome of Sr90 for feline nasal planum SCC?

A

CR: 80%
Recurrence: 20%
New lesions: 33%
PFS @ 3y = 82%
MST = 3076 days (8.4y)

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7
Q

What’s the outcome of intralesional carboplatin for feline nasal planum SCC?

A

CR: 73%
local recurrence rate: 30%
PFS: 16 months

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8
Q

What’s the outcome of electrochemotherapy for feline nasal planum SCC?

A

CR: 75-86%
DFI: 7-36 months

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9
Q

What’s the outcome of photodynamic therapy for feline nasal planum SCC?

A

ORR: 96%, with 85% CR
at 38 months, 45% had no recurrence (but 50% of those in CR recurred by 5 months)

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10
Q

Describe the staging system for sinonasal tumours.

A
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11
Q

What’s the likelihood of metastatic LN on presentation for canine sinonasal tumours?

A

10-20%

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12
Q

What’s the likelihood of distant metastasis on presentation for canine sinonasal tumours?

A

2-10% pulmonary metastasis.

one study that did thoracic and AUS, had 4/25 dogs with significant alteration to treatment due to concurrent illness

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13
Q

What are 2 rare paraneoplastic syndromes presentation for canine sinonasal tumours that can be noted on bloodwork?

A

erythrocytosis
hypercalcemia

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14
Q

What’s the outcome of canine nasal carcinoma without treatment?

A

MST 95 days

MST 88 days vs 224 days (with or without epistaxis)

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15
Q

What’s the general outcome of canine sinonasal tumours treated with CFRT?

A

MST 8 - 19.7 months
- 1 year survival 43-68%
- 2 year survival 11-44%

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16
Q

What treatment modalities for canine sinonasal tumours had the longest reported MST?

A

4.2Gy x 10fx followed by surgical exenteration. MST = 47 months! Has increased incidence of last side effects –> rhinits, osteomyelitis, fistula

another one with 3Gy x 18fx had MST of 15m but no long term side effects

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17
Q

What was the outcome of using gemcitabine as a radiation sensitizer for canine sinonasal tumours?

A

there was significant neutropenia and severe local tissue complications… not worth it.

not clear if radiation sensitizer will improve outcome

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18
Q

What’s the general outcome for canine sinonasal tumours treated with SRT?

A

MST: 8.5-19.5 months

in a large study with 182 dogs (Hiroto 2023) MST = 441 days (~15m), 3% with skin/oral cavity AE, 61% possible chronic rhinitis post RT

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19
Q

How does tumour stage influence canine sinonasal tumours treated with SRT?

A

it doesn’t! Stage is not prognostic in SRT settings

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20
Q

What’s the outcome of canine sinonasal tumours treated with PRT?

A
  • 66-100% dogs will have improvement of clinical signs
  • median duration of clinical improvement 4-10 months
  • MST: 5-17 months
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21
Q

What’s the outcome of chemotherapy with canine sinonasal tumours?

A

favorable, but the case numbers are small.
- Cisplatin: RR= 27%, MST = 5m
- Doxorubicin, carboplatin, and piroxicam: MST = 7m

all dogs had improvement in clinical signs and tolerated the chemo well, some achieved CR.

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22
Q

What’s the outcome of electrochemotherapy for canine sinonasal tumours?

A

RR: 90%
MST = 16.9 months

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23
Q

How does the stage of the tumour influence palliative RT for canine sinonasal tumours?

A

Stage I is correlated with longer survival time

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24
Q

What are the reported times of canine nasal OSA treated with RT/SRT?

A

RT: MST = 624 (21 months)
SRT: MST = 3 months…

so it’s unclear how nasal OSA responses to RT

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25
Q

What’s the most common feline sinonasal tumour?

A

Lymphoma
(followed by CA/ AdnocA/ SCC, then sarcoma etc)

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26
Q

What’s the most common type of lymphoma in feline sinonasal tumour?

A
  • lymphoblastic
  • B cell
  • need IHC to confirm to differentiate from carcinoma
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27
Q

What’s the outcome of feline non-lymphoproliferative sinonasal tumour treated with RT?

A

CFRT: MST 12 months
coarse fractionation: ~13 months

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28
Q

What’s the outcome of feline sinonasal lymphoma treated with RT?

A

long term survival possible
- ORR: 70-90%
- RT + chemo MST = 174 - 955 days (0.5y to 2.5y)
- progression at non-nasal site 13-16%
- unsure of the best timing for chemo though

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29
Q

Which breed is predisposed to laryngo-tracheal tumours?

A

Arctic breeds

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30
Q

What’s the likelihood of detecting tracheal/ laryngeal masses in cats on x-rays?

A

88%

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31
Q

How common in extra-luminal invasion of the trachea by thyroid carcinoma in dogs?

A

one study round that in up to 24% of dogs with differentiated follicular cell thyroid carcinoma
MST = 2.5 months

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32
Q

What the outcome for cats with tracheal/ laryngeal tumours?

A

Generally poor –> historically euthanized shortly after diagnosis.

But, with a combination of Sx, RT, Chemo, longer ST is possible (MST 4-5 months), esp for LSA

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33
Q

Which breed of cats are over-represented for pulmonary tumours?

A

Persians

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34
Q

What’s the most common primary pulmonary tumour in the dog? in the cat?

A

Dog: brocheoalveolar in origin (85%)
Cat: adenocarcinoma (60-70%)

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35
Q

Which breed is predisposed to pulmonary histiocytic sarcoma?

A

miniature Schnauzers

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36
Q

How common is local metastasis in canine pulmonary tumours?

A

71%

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37
Q

How common is distant metastasis in canine pulmonary tumours?

A

23% beyond the tracheobronchial lymph nodes

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38
Q

Which tumour types are more likely to metastasize from the lungs (dogs)?

A

SCC (50%)
anaplastic carcinoma (90%)

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39
Q

What’s the metastatic rate of feline primary pulmonary tumours?

40
Q

How often can pulmonary tumours be diagnosed incidentally?

41
Q

What would patients be lame with a primary pulmonary tumour?

A
  • from hypertrophic osteopathy (4% of dogs) –> can have concurrent ocular signs!
  • acrometastasis/ lung digit syndrome (cats) –> in one study, all cats (36) had presented for lameness, none were for respiratory signs!
42
Q

How common is GI signs for cats with primary lung tumours?

43
Q

What’s the MST for cats with acrometastasis undergoing digital amputation?

A

MST = 67 days

44
Q

How common in pleural effusion for cats with primary pulmonary tumour?

45
Q

How common is single vs multiple masses in canine primary pulmonary tumour?

A

solitary: 54-57%
multiple: 13-37%

46
Q

Which lung lobe is canine histiocytic sarcoma most likely to be found?

A

Right middle (43-65%) and left cranial (38%)

47
Q

Which lung lobe is canine adenocarcinoma most likely to be found?

A

left caudal (29%)

48
Q

What’s the diagnostic yield of pre-op FNA for pulmonary tumours in dogs? in cats?

A

Dogs: 38-90%
Cat: 80-100%

49
Q

What’s the diagnostic yield of pre-op CT-guided biopsy for pulmonary tumours? what’s the complication rate?

A
  • 92% accuracy, 80% sensitivity for diagnosing tumour.
  • 43% complication rate; 30% hemorrhage, 27% pneumothorax
50
Q

What’s the periop mortality rate for pneumonectomy in dogs and cats?

A

Dogs: 6%
Cats: 14%

51
Q

What’s the response rate for cisplatin in dogs with primary lung carcinoma?

A

in a study with cisplatin and vindesine, 2/2 dogs experienced >50% reduction in tumour size.

52
Q

What’s the outcome of vinorelbine in dogs with primary lung carcinoma?

A

In microscopic setting, the ST were 113d, 169d and >730d

53
Q

What’s the utility of aerosolized chemotherapy or cytokine for dogs with lung tumours?

A
  • in metastatic setting: CR and PR are noted
  • in gross disease setting: SD or PD are noted
54
Q

What’s the outcome of TKI for lung tumours?

A

promising, SD > 10 weeks in a dog with primary lung carcinoma

55
Q

What’s the outcome of SRT for canine primary lung carcinoma?

A
  • MST = 343 days
  • Lymphadenopathy was not a negative prognostic factor
  • 1 dog had CR (17%), 42% PR and 42% SD
  • progressive disease noted median 229 days
56
Q

What’s the outcome for weekly hypofractionated RT for unresectable canine primary lung tumours?

A
  • median time to max size reduction = 56 days
  • 6/9 PR, 3/9 SD
  • 7/9 later had surgery, 5 had systemic chemo
57
Q

What’s the outcome of surgery for primary lung tumour in dogs?

A

overall MST = 361 days

58
Q

What are some prognostic factors for canine primary lung tumours treated with surgery?

A
  • clinical signs (MST 240 vs 545 days)
  • Stage: T1 (solitary) vs T2 (multiple), MST 790 vs 196 days (2y vs 6m)
  • T3 (adjacent tissue invasion) = 81 days
  • Carcinoma grade: Grade 1 = 790d, Grade 2 = 251d, and Grade 3 = 5 days
59
Q

What are some other prognostic factors for remission/ survival in dogs undergoing surgery for lung tumours?

A

Associated with remission:
- primary tumour involvement, LN, mets

Associated with survival:
- tumour size: 100cm3, adenocarcinoma > SCC (8 vs 19m, not statistically significant though), peripheral > entire lobe

60
Q

What’s the influence of nodal involvement in canine primary lung tumour treated with surgery?

A

N0, MST = 285 - 452 days (15m); 1/3 still in remission >2y
N1, MST = 26 - 126 days

61
Q

Which tumour type had the best ST for canine primary lung tumour?

A

papillary adenocarcinoma (T1N0M0) MST = 555 days (1.5y)

62
Q

What’s the outcome of Sx + CCNU for canine primary histiocytic sarcoma of the lung?

A

MST = 568 days
5/16 had localized pulmonary lesions

63
Q

What’s the prognosis of cats with primary lung tumour treated with surgery?

A

guarded to poor
MST = 115 days

64
Q

What are prognostic factors had been reported for feline lung tumours?

A

Tumour grade:
- High grade MST = 75-105 days
- Low grade MST = 698 -730 days

Nodal status:
- N0 MST = 498 days
- N1 MST = 65 days

Clinical signs:
- No MST = 578 days
- Yes MST = 4 days

Pleural effusion:
- Yes MST < 3 days
- No MST = 31-467 days

65
Q

What’s the frequency of concurrent nasal polyps and intranasal neoplasia in dogs?

A

16% of 321 cases!
out of 50 initially diagnosed with nasal poly, follow-up biopsy in 25 confirmed 15 = polyps, with 9 actually been malignant cancer

66
Q

What’s the utility of liquid biopsy with cell-free DNA?

A

The test has a sensitivity of 71.3% and a specificity of 98.7% for detecting seven predefined cancer types (lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, leukemia, histiocytic sarcoma, primary lung tumors, and urothelial carcinoma)

67
Q

What’s the outcome of thoracoscopic lung lobectomy for canine lung mass resection?

A
  • all dogs survived to discharge
  • MST = 311 days
  • significant risk factors to conversion: tumour > 5cm and pre-op lymphadenopathy
  • 88% had clean margin
68
Q

What’s the safety and accuracy of fluoroscopy-guided fine-needle aspiration for sampling deep-seated pulmonary lesions in dogs and cats?

A

All were diagnostic (total of 10) and only 1 dog had a minor post procedural complication.

69
Q

What are the top 3 feline tracheal masses and their MST?

A
  1. LSA, MST = 241 days (chemo +/- RT)
  2. Adenocarcinoma, MST = 21 days
  3. SCC, MST = 21 days
70
Q

What’s the outcome of canine frontal sinus carcinoma treated with toceranib?

A

Palladia + Metacam –> subjective PR 80%, MST = 183.5 days

71
Q

What’s the evaluated CD204(+) macrophage (M2) and total macrophage infiltration in canine lung carcinoma?

A

High CD204(+) macrophage levels were significantly associated with lung metastasis in TCC (P = 0.030) and shorter overall survival in canine patients with PA (P = 0.012) and TCC (P = 0.0053).

72
Q

What’s the outcome of feline primary laryngeal or tracheal lymphoma treated with chemotherapy?

A

25% had debulking Sx, all received chemotherapy (23 cats)
PR = 35%
CR = 65%
mPFS and MST = 909 days (2.5y)

72
Q

What’s the likelihood of extrapulmonary metastasis in cats with pulmonary carcinoma?

A
  • 56.4%
  • mostly reginal LN (43.5%)
  • skeletal muscles (23%)
  • kidneys (15.3%)
  • parietal pleura (10.2%)
73
Q

What’s the prognosis of primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma in small dogs with surgery?

A

in 52 small dogs
median PFI = 754 days
MST = 716 days (~ 2y)

Tumour size (>7cm) = reduced ST

74
Q

What’s the natural behaviour of primary intranasal MCT in the dog?

A
  • 55% had metastasis, mostly to the mandibular LNs
  • 43% of dogs with outcome data were euthanized within 1 year
75
Q

What’s the tolerability and efficacy of a cyclical hypofractionated radiotherapy protocol (‘QUAD shot’) in cats with sinonasal carcinomas?

A

4 Gray (Gy) delivered in four fractions within 48 h, with a minimum of 6 h between two treatments, and repeated every 3-4 weeks for a total dose of 48 Gy in three cycles.

MST = 460 days (1.3y), 1y survival 80%
4/7 euthanized due to tumoure-related causes.

76
Q

In a case series (5 cats) with nasal planum hemangiosarcoma, what’s the general outcome?

A

Not bad with surgery, 1y+

77
Q

What are some CT features for feline nasal masses that could help with distinguishing between LSA, non-lymphomatous masses, and inflammatory masses?

A
  • LSA = mixed growth pattern and regional lymphadenopathy
  • non-lymphomatous masses = unilateral nasal changes and areas of intralesional calcification
  • inflammatory masses = lots of overlap with the above 2, but none had bony changes
78
Q

What’s the outcome of stage III and IV nasal carcinoma in dogs treated with toceranib?

A

MST = 139 days (4.5m)
interestingly, dogs with epistaxis experienced a longer median survival of 166 days compared to 83 days for those without epistaxis.

79
Q

What’s the outcome of palliative treatment (steroid, NSAIDs) for metastatic pulmonary carcinoma in cats (n=34)?

A

MST = 64 days
presence of pulmonary signs = only prognostic factor influencing survival

80
Q

What’s the outcome of cats with intranasal carcinoma treated with radiation therapy?

A
  • definitive intent/ SRT: MST = 721 days (~2y)
  • palliative intent = 284 days
  • re-treatment @ recurrence is possible, with overall MST of 824 (2.25y) days (vs 434 days/ 1.2 years)
81
Q

Where is recurrence most likely going to occur in dogs treated with radiation therapy?

A

within the RT field

82
Q

What’s the outcome of SRT for solar induced facial SCC in cats (pilots study, 5 cats)?

A
  • OST 118-991 days (all still alive at submission)
  • all had alopecia and erythema
  • mild late AE
83
Q

What’s the outcome of cats with nasal carcinoma treated with palliative RT?

A
  • 24/28 (92%) had clinical improvement
  • MST = 342 days
  • Adams modified Stage IV = 152 days
  • facial deformity = 67 days
84
Q

What’s the outcome of Adams modified stage IV canine sinonasal tumours treated with IMRT?

A
  • median PFS = 177 days
  • MST = 319 days
    23 CA, 6 SA
  • intracranial involvement was not prognostic
85
Q

What’s the outcome of toceranib post-op canine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?

A

median TTP = 145d (Sx) vs 191d (Sx + toceranib) –> significantly different

86
Q

What’s the outcome of dogs with nasal carcinoma treated with SRT?

A

median PFS = 359 days
MST = 563 days (1.5y)

87
Q

What’s the minimum dose to the lacrimal gland that can produce KCS in dogs receiving 42Gy in 10 fx?

A

minimum lacrimal gland mean dose for developing KCS was 23.75 Gy, with no eyes receiving a mean LG dose <20 Gy developing the condition, compared to 71% of eyes with doses >20 Gy

88
Q

What was the outcome of cats with pleural carcinomatosis treated with intracavitary carboplatin?

A

All cats (8) died within 5-16 days of treatment due to recurrent effusion or poor health…

89
Q

What’s the outcome of surgically removed canine primary pulmonary carcinoma based on modified human lung cancer stage?

A

The median survival times for stages I-IV were 952, 658, 158, and 52 days, respectively,

90
Q

What’s the outcome of cats with sinonasal carcinoma treated with 4.2G x 10 Fx?

A
  • MST = 452 days (1.2y)
  • 11.1% CR, 63% PR, 11.1% SD
  • median TTP = 269 days
  • those with epistaxis had longer ST
91
Q

What’s the outcome and metastatic behavior of canine sinonasal osteosarcoma?

A
  • MST = 410 days (13m)
  • 30% developed metastasis
  • median time to met = 458 days (15m)

mostly treated with RT

92
Q

What’s the outcome of feline sinonasal LSA (stage 1) treated with 7Gy x 5 weekly fx +/- chemotherapy?

A
  • RT only, PFS = 104 days, MST = 263 days (9m)
  • RT + chemo, PFS = 677 days, MST = 983 days (2.7y)
93
Q

What’s the outcome of dogs with nonlymphomatous intranasal tumours treated with SRT (10Gy x 3)?

A
  • median event-free survival = 237 days (8m)
  • OST = 542 days (18m)
94
Q

What’s the survival time of canine pulmonary carcinoma vs histiocytic sarcoma vs neuroendocrine tumours with lung lobectomy?

A

MST:
- histiocytic sarcoma = 300 days
- carcinoma = 399 days
- neuroendocrine tumours = 498 days