Skeletal System Flashcards
What’s the most common primary bone tumour of the dog? What’s the %?
OSA, 85%
What’s the likelihood of OSA in small dogs (<15kg)? What’s the most common location?
5% of OSA can be found in small dogs, but 59% would be in the axial skeleton
Where is OSA most commonly found in the dog?
75% in the appendicular skeleton.
- thoracic limbs 2x as likely as pelvic limbs
- Proximal humerus & distal radius = 2 most common locations
- in the pelvic limbs, more even distributed with proximal femur slightly less common
What’s the distribution of OSA in the axial skeleton in the dog?
- 27% mandible, 22% maxilla
- 15% spine, 14% cranium
- 10% ribs, 9% nasal/ paranasal, 6% pelvis
How often is multicentric OSA noted in the dog?
10%
Is OSA due to multiple micro-trauma of physeal region?
A cadaver study didn’t find a difference in incidence of microdamage in radius of small vs large breed dogs
What’s a common genetic mutation found in canine OSA?
loss of p53 function via missense mutation in exons 4-8 (found in 24-47% of spontaneous arising OSA samples)
What are two other suspected genetic factors in OSA in dogs?
pRB-E2F dysregulation and PTEN mutations
Which breed has shown strong inheritable factor for OSA?
Scottish deerhound
What are some pathways that have been implicated in canine OSA?
- MET/HGF (esp. in Rotties)
- IGF-1/IGF-1R; subsequent MAPK and Akt activation
- possible HER2 overexpression
- mTOR
- Hedgehog & Notch
What’s the MST for amputation only for canine OSA?
19 weeks
What’s the MST for small dogs (<15kg) with appendicular OSA treated with amputation only vs amputation plus adjuvant chemotherapy?
Sx only MST = 257 days
Sx + Chemo MST = 415 days
BUT - they are not statistically different!
What’s the diagnostic yield of trephine and Jamshidi biopsy for canine OSA?
Trephine: 93.8% accuracy
Jamshidi: 91.9% for tumour detection (vs. other disorders) and 82.3% accuracy for specific tumour subtype
What’s the likelihood of pulmonary metastases on presentation for canine OSA?
<10%
What’s the best imaging modality to detect concurrent bone metastasis in canine OSA?
1 study compared scintigraphy, CT , and x-rays and found scintigraphy to be the best. BUT, the lesions were not confirmed histologically
What’s the surgical staging system for sarcoma in people?
Stage I: low grade (G1), no mets
Stage II: high grade (G2), no mets
Stage III: regional or distant mets, any grade
Substage A (T1): intracompartmental
substage B (T2): extracompartmental
most dogs with OSA = stage IIB
Which anatomical location for canine OSA carries poor DFI and ST?
proximal humerus
How does histological grade of canine OSA affect the prognosis?
the prognostic value = controversial
How does canine OSA of the head fare compared to other sites?
- locally aggressive but maybe with a lower metastatic rate
- one study found local recurrence rate of 51.3% with a metastatic rate of 38.5%
Which anatomical location has a better prognosis in the dog - maxillary or mandibular OSA?
- Mandibular OSA: 1 year survival rate = 71%; still had a 58% metastatic rate and ST improved with adjuvant chemo
- Maxillary OSA: MST = 5m
What’s the prognosis of canine rib OSA?
- Chest wall excision alone - MST = 3m
Sx + chemo MST = 8m
What’s the prognosis of scapular OSA in dogs?
guarded, with scapulectomy:
- DFI = 210 days
- MST = 246 days
Use of adjuvant chemo improves both DFI and ST
What’s the prognosis of canine OSA distal to the antebrachium or tarsocrural joints?
MST = 466 days
but still aggressive with high metastatic potential
What’s the prognosis of vertebral OSA in dogs?
MST = 4m with Sx + RT + chemo