urinary system

Question 1

Function of Urinary System

Answer 1

Remove waste products from the body in the form of urine
Maintain water balance in the body

Question 2

Structures of urinary system

Answer 2

Adrenal Glands
Kidneys
Renal Vessels
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Urinary meatus
Sphincter and pelvic floor muscles

Question 3

Renal Vessels

Answer 3

Supply blood to and from kidneys
Renal artery supplies blood to kidney
Renal vein supplies blood from kidney to heart

Question 4

Adrenal Glands

Answer 4

Help regulate amount of urine produced
Sit on top of the kidneys

Question 5

Ureters

Answer 5

Tubes from kidney to bladder
Urine moves via peristalsis

Question 6

Urinary Bladder

Answer 6

Collection container
Muscular, hollow organ
Urge to void when bladder approximately 250mL urine

Question 7

Urethra & Urinary Meatus

Answer 7

Urethra:
Tube from bladder that leads outside of body
Men urethra is 8long Female urethra is 1.2 long
Urinary Meatus:
Opening at very end of urethra

Question 8

Sphincter & Pelvic Floor Muscles

Answer 8

allow voiding to occur when relaxed

Question 9

Kidneys

Answer 9

Bilateral bean shaped organ
posterior, protected by lower edge of rib
cage

Question 10

Function of the Kidney

Answer 10

Filtration system for blood
Regulate blood volume
Help regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance
Long-term regulation of BP
Produce a hormone called erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production)

Question 11

Nephron

Answer 11

Basic filtering units of a kidney
Responsible for separating nutrients and minerals in blood from toxins and waste products
Each nephron has own blood supply, including two capillary regions

Question 12

Glomerulus

Answer 12

knot of capillaries located in Bowman’s capsule
Blood moves through capillaries of glomerulus and some is filtered out into Bowman’s capsule

Question 13

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Answer 13

Filtered blood from Bowman`s capsule enter proximal convoluted tubule
Re-absorption of filtrate occurs by capillaries

Question 14

Loop of Henle

Answer 14

filtrate from Proximal Convoluted tubule becomes narrow and makes a U-turn
u-turn called the loop of henle

Question 15

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Answer 15

Filtrate from loop of Henle enter Distal Convoluted tubule
exit out of the COLLECTING DUCT

Question 16

3 main steps of nephrons GTT

Answer 16

1. Glomerular Filtration
2. Tubular Reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion

Question 17

Characteristics of Urine

Answer 17

Clear (when fresh)
Pale yellow, amber or straw coloured
Very little or no odour
average void 30cc/hr
Changes in urine are good indicator of changes in body

Question 18

Abnormal Findings of Urine

Answer 18

1 Consistency:
Cloudy (when fresh), mucous, crystals
May be bc urine sitting in bladder too long, food, or medications
2 Odour:
Strong ammonia smell, concentrated or old urine
Foul smelling, possible infection
Sweet/fruity smell, possible acetone from fat metabolism
3 Colour:
red (bright/brick coloured), bleeding
Dark yellow, dehydration
Foods/medications may cause colour changes
4 Amount:
Out of proportion to intake
Average output of urine is 1500mL per 24 hours

Question 19

what are some reasons for Increases in Urine Volume

Answer 19

Increased intake
Coffee, tea, alcohol, medications (diuretics)
Diabetes mellitus
Other hormone disorders

Question 20

what are some reasons for decreases in Urine Volume

Answer 20

Decreased intake
Kidney disease
medications
Vomiting
Diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
Diarrhea
Hemorrhage

Question 21

Possible Changes with Aging in urinary system

Answer 21

Decreased blood supply to kidneys, less volume to filter = less urine
Atrophy of kidneys, Less efficient filtrating once certain point reached
Decreased kidney function, Usually less urine or changed urine chemistry

Question 22

what may Frequency, urgency, or nocturia be caused from

Answer 22

Muscle atrophy
Decreased fluid intake
Decreased bladder size
enlarged prostate (males)

Question 23

what can happen with an enlarged prostate

Answer 23

Hard to start stream
Decreased force of stream
Incomplete emptying (retention)hanged urine chemistry

Question 24

effects of immobility on urinary system

Answer 24

Urinary stasis (pooling)
incomplete emptying of bladder
Urinary incontinence

Question 25

Urinary stasis

Answer 25

pooling
may cause:
stone formation (calculi) from minerals in urine
UTI
prevention:
increase fluid intake
exercises
reposition frequently
natural position for voiding

Question 26

Incomplete emptying of
bladder

Answer 26

may cause:
infection
prevention:
increase fluids
position for voiding
exercise

Question 27

Urinary incontinence

Answer 27

may be caused by:
loss of muscle control, dribbling or incontinence of voiding
prevention:
regular voiding schedule
exercise and activity
increase fluids
positioning

Question 28

TYPES OF INCONTINENCE

Answer 28

Stress incontinence
Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Functional Incontinence
Reflex incontinence

Question 29

EFFECTS OF INCONTINENCE

Answer 29

physiological:
skin breakdown
safety & security:
increased falls
love & belonging:
loss of intimacy
self-esteem:
embarrassment about odours
self-actualization:
may affect spirituality if “angry” at deity

Question 30

WAYS TO MINIMIZE INCONTINENCE

Answer 30

regular toileting

Question 31

CARE FOR A CLIENT WITH INCONTINENCE

Answer 31

skin care & observation
dry clothes and linens
change incontinence product/brief as per manufacturer’s or employer’s instructions
use the correct size product
pericare with each product change

Question 32

how To help clients regain continence

Answer 32

If no indwelling urinary catheter:
assist to toilet at regular times
promote normal urination
If client has indwelling catheter:
clamp at intervals (as per agency)
allows bladder to “get used to” being full before emptying

Question 33

CAUSES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (UTI)

Answer 33

poor medical asepsis
improper pericare
decreased fluid intake
incomplete bladder emptying
microbes introduced into GU system

Question 34

CAUSES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS WITH CATHETERS

Answer 34

kinks in tubing
tubing on floor
dependent (hanging down) loops of
tubing
lack of medical asepsis when opening to drain/change/clean bag
poor technique when cleaning urinary meatus and/or catheter tubing

Question 35

S&S OF UTI

Answer 35

confusion (elderly)
behaviour change (eldery)
frequency
oliguria
hematuria
fever & chills
urgency
dysuria
pyuria
strong, foul smelling urine

Question 36

CARE FOR PERSON WITH UTI

Answer 36

increase fluid intake
eliminate causes
treat S&S
DIPPS
antibiotics as ordered (nurse)

Question 37

PREVENTION OF UTI

Answer 37

medical asepsis
good peri-care (front to back)
good catheter care
make toileting comfortable physically and psychologically to promote bladder emptying
toilet schedule acceptable to client

Question 38

Renal calculi/calculus

Answer 38

kidney stones
calculi (plural)
calculus (single)
immobility increases risk
often severe pain
s&s of abnormal urine/urination
increase fluids to “flush out” calculus
may strain urine to know when stone passes
surgery if stone does not pass

Question 39

RENAL FAILURE

Answer 39

kidneys not working
may be due to factors “before” the kidneys, “within” the kidneys, or “after” the kidneys
special diet (sodium, potassium restrictions)
fluid orders (increase or limit)
measure in & out or weigh daily

Question 40

acute renal failure (ARF)

Answer 40

sudden onset, decreased urine
oliguria should be reported immediately
(e.g. brief not wet in a.m., client doesn’t void in the first few hours of shift)

Question 41

chronic renal failure (CRF)

Answer 41

affects many systems:
dry, itchy skin
waste products are not eliminated efficiently
edema
provide good skin care

Question 42

whats measured in i&os

Answer 42

blood, emesis/vomit, urine, wound drainage