reproductive system

Question 1

WHAT ARE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

Answer 1

physical characteristics that “show” gender
develop as m/f hormone production increases as person matures esp at puberty due to testosterone,
estrogen and progesterone
- e.g.: development of breasts, deepening of voice

Question 2

Testes

Answer 2

testicles or gonads
male sex glands
location where sperm and
testosterone is produced

Question 3

Scrotum

Answer 3

sac made of skin & muscle that carries the testes

Question 4

Epididymis

Answer 4

coiled tube around the
testes
sperm travel from the testes to epididymis

Question 5

Vas deferens

Answer 5

tube that carries sperm from
the epididymis

Question 6

Seminal vesicle

Answer 6

store sperm and produce
semen

Question 7

Prostate gland

Answer 7

sits just below bladder
secretes fluid into the semen

Question 8

Penis

Answer 8

contains erectile tissue

Question 9

Ovaries

Answer 9

contain female sex sells
(ova, or eggs)
during menstrual cycle,
one ovum is released
monthly = ovulation
secrete female sex
hormones Estrogen and progesterone

Question 10

Fallopian tube

Answer 10

ovum released from ovary
travels through the fallopian
tube

Question 11

Uterus

Answer 11

hollow, muscular organ
if conception occurs, this is
where the fetus grows

Question 12

Endometrium

Answer 12

tissue lining the uterus

Question 13

Vagina

Answer 13

muscular canal that opens
to the outside of the body
connects to the uterus

Question 14

HOW LONG IS THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Answer 14

28 day cycle; may vary

Question 15

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Answer 15

day 1 of cycle
if no pregnancy, endometrium breaks down
and discharges through vagina; bloody
discharge
woman is menstruating
flow 3-7 days
mild to severe cramping
as cycle continues, estrogen and progesterone cause
endometrium to thicken and ready for pregnancy
Day 14: ovulation
an ovum matures and is released from ovary

Question 16

If pregnancy does not occur

Answer 16

levels of estrogen and
progesterone decrease, and
menstruation begins

Question 17

Fertilization

Answer 17

when sperm and ovum unite
each have 23 chromosomes;
when joined become 46, as
like other cells

Question 18

5 steps of fertilization occuring

Answer 18

1 millions of sperm are deposited
into vagina via penis
2 sperm travels up into fallopian
tube
3 one sperm fertilizes ovum
4 fertilized ovum travels down
fallopian tube
5 implants in uterus, which is lined
with blood-rich endometrium

Question 19

FEMALE CHANGES TO
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM WITH
AGING

Answer 19

menarche:
beginning of menstrual cycles
Menopause:
cessation of menstruation
ovaries stop producing ova
estrogen and progesterone decrease
30-55 yrs
when not menstruated for 1 year
Atrophy begins
Thinning vaginal walls/dryness

Question 20

MALE CHANGES TO
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM WITH
AGING

Answer 20

youth:
ejaculation (release of semen)
nocturnal ejaculation (at night ) (“wet dreams”)
old:
decreased testosterone
decreased sperm count (amount in ejaculated fluid)
slower orgasms/erections
decreased force of ejaculation
increase size of prostate gland
testes smaller

Question 21

CHANGES WITH AGING –
ALL GENDERS

Answer 21

both physical and psychological reasons, may have decrease in frequency of sexual activity

Question 22

POST MENOPAUSAL BLEEDING

Answer 22

Any bleeding after menstrual periods stopped
needs to be investigated, even if only spotting
Causes:
Polyps
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Endometrial cancer

Question 23

ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (ED)

Answer 23

aka impotence
Inability to attain and/or maintain erection for intercourse
affect physical sexuality, love and belonging, self-esteem

Question 24

causes & treatment of erectile dysfunction

Answer 24

psychological (stress)
physical
side effect of medications
Treatment:
deal with physical causes
deal with psychological causes
medications
mechanical devices to aid erection
surgical interventions

Question 25

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)

Answer 25

“enlarged prostate”
not cancer
causes not well understood
Symptoms:
Difficulty starting/stopping stream (dribbling)
Reduced strength of stream
Poor bladder emptying
Frequent urination and nocturia
Recurrent UTI’s
*Treatment:
Medications
Surgical removal of prostate tissue
Avoid ETOH and caffeine

Question 26

PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE (POP)

Answer 26

“Female” organs slip down from position
Often not treated til symptoms bother
Specific causes unknown
Symptoms:
a bulge
heaviness or pressure in vagina
Treatment:
not treated til symptoms bother
surgery
if prolapse visible from vagina, be careful and
gentle with pericare

Question 27

INFERTILITY

Answer 27

man or woman
16% of couples experience infertility
Women causes:
age
STIs
issues w reproductive organs
hormonal imbalances
Men causes:
poor sperm quality/quantity
STI
hormonal imbalances
Treatment:
medications
IVF
surgery

Question 28

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

Answer 28

diseases spread through sexual contact
may not have s/s
may be unaware of infection
may not seek treatment from embarrassment
STI’s occur:
genitals
rectal
ears
mouth
nipples
throat
tongue
eyes
nose

Question 29

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS ARE SPREAD THROUGH

Answer 29

break in the skin
contact with infected body fluids (blood, semen,
salvia)
contaminated blood or needles
Standard precautions must be followed
Using condoms prevent spread

Question 30

CHLAMYDIA

Answer 30

symptoms uncommon
may have:
Discharge
Pain while urinating or having sex
Bleeding after sex
Lower stomach pain
TX:
antibiotics

Question 31

HPV/VENEREAL WARTS

Answer 31

males- warts appear on penis, anus or genitalia
females- warts appear near vagina, cervix and labia
TX:
application of ointment for wart to dry off
surgical removal

Question 32

GONORRHEA

Answer 32

S/s:
Burning on urination
Urinary frequency and urgency
Vaginal/urethral discharge
TX:
antibiotics

Question 33

s/s and tx of SYPHILIS

Answer 33

fatigue
loss of appetite
nausea
fever
bone and joint pain
hair loss
lesions on lip and genitalia
damage of cardiovascular system
CNS
blindness
dementia
TX
antibiotics

Question 34

stages of SYPHILIS

Answer 34

primary
inital exposure
secondary
4-10 weeks
Tertiary
serious complications