reproductive system Flashcards by Allyse Unknown

WHAT ARE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

physical characteristics that “show” gender
develop as m/f hormone production increases as person matures esp at puberty due to testosterone,
estrogen and progesterone
- e.g.: development of breasts, deepening of voice

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Testes

testicles or gonads
male sex glands
location where sperm and
testosterone is produced

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Scrotum

sac made of skin & muscle that carries the testes

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Epididymis

coiled tube around the
testes
sperm travel from the testes to epididymis

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Vas deferens

tube that carries sperm from
the epididymis

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Seminal vesicle

store sperm and produce
semen

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Prostate gland

sits just below bladder
secretes fluid into the semen

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Penis

contains erectile tissue

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Ovaries

contain female sex sells
(ova, or eggs)
during menstrual cycle,
one ovum is released
monthly = ovulation
secrete female sex
hormones Estrogen and progesterone

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Fallopian tube

ovum released from ovary
travels through the fallopian
tube

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Uterus

hollow, muscular organ
if conception occurs, this is
where the fetus grows

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Endometrium

tissue lining the uterus

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Vagina

muscular canal that opens
to the outside of the body
connects to the uterus

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HOW LONG IS THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

28 day cycle; may vary

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE

day 1 of cycle
if no pregnancy, endometrium breaks down
and discharges through vagina; bloody
discharge
woman is menstruating
flow 3-7 days
mild to severe cramping
as cycle continues, estrogen and progesterone cause
endometrium to thicken and ready for pregnancy
Day 14: ovulation
an ovum matures and is released from ovary

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If pregnancy does not occur

levels of estrogen and
progesterone decrease, and
menstruation begins

Fertilization

when sperm and ovum unite
each have 23 chromosomes;
when joined become 46, as
like other cells

5 steps of fertilization occuring

1 millions of sperm are deposited
into vagina via penis
2 sperm travels up into fallopian
tube
3 one sperm fertilizes ovum
4 fertilized ovum travels down
fallopian tube
5 implants in uterus, which is lined
with blood-rich endometrium

FEMALE CHANGES TO
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM WITH
AGING

menarche:
beginning of menstrual cycles
Menopause:
cessation of menstruation
ovaries stop producing ova
estrogen and progesterone decrease
30-55 yrs
when not menstruated for 1 year
Atrophy begins
Thinning vaginal walls/dryness

MALE CHANGES TO
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM WITH
AGING

youth:
ejaculation (release of semen)
nocturnal ejaculation (at night ) (“wet dreams”)
old:
decreased testosterone
decreased sperm count (amount in ejaculated fluid)
slower orgasms/erections
decreased force of ejaculation
increase size of prostate gland
testes smaller

CHANGES WITH AGING –
ALL GENDERS

both physical and psychological reasons, may have decrease in frequency of sexual activity

POST MENOPAUSAL BLEEDING

Any bleeding after menstrual periods stopped
needs to be investigated, even if only spotting
Causes:
Polyps
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Endometrial cancer

ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (ED)

aka impotence
Inability to attain and/or maintain erection for intercourse
affect physical sexuality, love and belonging, self-esteem

causes & treatment of erectile dysfunction

psychological (stress)
physical
side effect of medications
Treatment:
deal with physical causes
deal with psychological causes
medications
mechanical devices to aid erection
surgical interventions

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)

“enlarged prostate” not cancer causes not well understood Symptoms: Difficulty starting/stopping stream (dribbling) Reduced strength of stream Poor bladder emptying Frequent urination and nocturia Recurrent UTI’s *Treatment: Medications Surgical removal of prostate tissue Avoid ETOH and caffeine

PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE (POP)

“Female” organs slip down from position Often not treated til symptoms bother Specific causes unknown Symptoms: a bulge heaviness or pressure in vagina Treatment: not treated til symptoms bother surgery if prolapse visible from vagina, be careful and gentle with pericare

INFERTILITY

man or woman 16% of couples experience infertility Women causes: age STIs issues w reproductive organs hormonal imbalances Men causes: poor sperm quality/quantity STI hormonal imbalances Treatment: medications IVF surgery

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

diseases spread through sexual contact may not have s/s may be unaware of infection may not seek treatment from embarrassment STI’s occur: genitals rectal ears mouth nipples throat tongue eyes nose

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS ARE SPREAD THROUGH

break in the skin contact with infected body fluids (blood, semen, salvia) contaminated blood or needles Standard precautions must be followed Using condoms prevent spread

CHLAMYDIA

symptoms uncommon may have: Discharge Pain while urinating or having sex Bleeding after sex Lower stomach pain TX: antibiotics

HPV/VENEREAL WARTS

males- warts appear on penis, anus or genitalia females- warts appear near vagina, cervix and labia TX: application of ointment for wart to dry off surgical removal

GONORRHEA

S/s: Burning on urination Urinary frequency and urgency Vaginal/urethral discharge TX: antibiotics

s/s and tx of SYPHILIS

fatigue loss of appetite nausea fever bone and joint pain hair loss lesions on lip and genitalia damage of cardiovascular system CNS blindness dementia TX antibiotics

stages of SYPHILIS

primary inital exposure secondary 4-10 weeks Tertiary serious complications