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1140 2 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the digestive system made up of

A

Alimentary Canal (GI tract):
tube extending from mouth to anus
includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine

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2
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTION

A
  1. Digestion: process of physically/chemically breaking food into nutrients for the cells”
  2. Eliminate solid wastes from the body
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3
Q

6 BASIC PROCESSES IN DIGESTION ISMDAD

A

Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and propulsion
Digestion - mechanical and chemical
Absorption
Defecation

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4
Q

1 BIG STEP OF DIGESTIVE PROCESS

A
  1. Food enters mouth
    Broken down by teeth
    taste w taste buds
    saliva secrets from salivary glands moistens food & starts chemical digestion
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5
Q

2 BIG STEP OF DIGESTIVE PROCESS

A
  1. Food formed into bolus
    pushed into pharynx by tongue (swallowed)
    muscles of pharynx push bolus into esophagus
    food travel through esophagus to stomach by peristalsis by muscles of esophagus
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6
Q

3 BIG STEP OF DIGESTIVE PROCESS

A
  1. Food broken down into smaller pieces in stomach physically by churning by muscular action of stomach
    chemically by gastric juices (acid) secreted by stomach lining
    Semi-liquid chyme is formed
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7
Q

4 BIG STEP OF DIGESTIVE PROCESS

A
  1. Peristalsis pushes
    food from stomach into
    small intestine
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8
Q

5 BIG STEP OF DIGESTIVE PROCESS

A

Remaining chyme, undigested nutrients, and waste move into colon (large bowel, large intestine)
ascending, transverse, descending colon
most of the water & electrolytes is absorbed from chyme
remaining waste products of digestion called feces
includes solid wastes, some water, micro-organisms, and mucus

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9
Q

6 BIG STEP OF DIGESTIVE PROCESS

A
  1. Peristalsis will push the feces from the colon to the rectum
    stores feces until defecation (BM)
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10
Q

7 BIG STEP OF DIGESTIVE PROCESS

A
  1. Feces will leave body through the
    anus
    opening to outside
    anal sphincter (muscle ring)
    feces excreted is called stool
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11
Q

2 SPHINCTERS

A

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
prevents food coming back from stomach into esophagus.
Pyloric Sphincter
between stomach and small intestines -controls how much food goes into stomach.

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12
Q

SMALL
INTESTINE

A

Lined with villi
3 parts of the small intestine:
1. Duodenum
digestive juices (bile & pancreatic enzymes) added to chyme to help chemically break food down further
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
Most absorption of nutrients happens in jejunum and ileum

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13
Q

Functions of the Liver

A
  1. Metabolizes (breaks down) fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
  2. Detoxifies blood
  3. Stores fat-soluble vitamins
  4. Produces bile, cholesterol, and bilirubin
    Bile helps digest fat, absorb fat-soluble vitamins, and gives stool brown color
    Bile stored in gall bladder until needed for digestion
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14
Q

Function of the Pancreas

A

Adds other digestive juices
Insulin is produced by beta cells
Pancreas also produces:
amylase, break down of carbohydrates
Lipase, break down of fats
Proteases, breaks down protein

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15
Q

NORMAL CHANGES WITH AGING IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

Decrease in saliva production
Difficulty swallowing
Decrease in appetite
Decrease in secretion of digestive juices
Ingestion
Peristalsis slows, constipation

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16
Q

what to observe in digestive system

A

appetite
ability to chew and swallow (related to CNS)
pain/dyspepsia
emesis
bloating
bowel sounds (sounds as peristalsis occurs)
BM – frequency, amount, shape/consistency, colour, odour
report changes

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17
Q

Characteristics of Normal Stool

A

Brown in colour
Soft formed (shaped like rectum); moist
Affected by hydration
Affected by speed of movement through GI tract
Characteristic odor

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18
Q

Characteristics of Abnormal Stool

A

Bright red, fresh blood (lower bowel)
Black, tarry stool, older blood (may be from higher in GI system)
Colour may be due to foods/medications
Clay coloured: indicates liver disease
Infections/ pathogens may cause other colours e.g. greenish

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19
Q

Diarrhea

A

Frequent liquid stools
S/S: abdo cramping, n&v, dehydration
Causes: infections, medications, food, etc.
TX: diet, medications (must be done with nurse supervision)

20
Q

Diarrhea – HCA Role

A

Encourage hydration
Follow standard precautions
Skin care
Help clients to bathroom promptly
Consider safety
Observe and report
Document

21
Q

Fecal
Incontinence

A

Inability to control passage of feces and gas through anus
Many causes:
intestinal or nervous system disease
diarrhea
medications
delayed help in getting to the bedpan, commode, BR

22
Q

HCA role in Fecal Incontinence

A

Promote normal defecation
Assist client to toilet as requested
May need a bowel training plan

23
Q

Bowel Training

A

Process of developing a regular pattern of defecation
Two goals:
To gain control of bowel movement
To prevent fecal impaction, constipation, fecal incontinence

24
Q

Bowel Training hca role

A

Toilet client as per care plan or when client requests to have BM
Follow guidelines to promote normal defecation
Privacy
safety
positioning
Suppository may be given to stimulate a BM (check scope)

25
Q

Constipation

A

Condition where BMs are less frequent; stool is hard, dry
Feces moving slowly through colon
S/S: increased flatus
abdo pain
bloating
decreased appetite
may lead to hemorrhoids
If severe, may experience nausea/vomitting

26
Q

Constipation causes

A

low fiber diet
decreased fluid intake
inactivity, immobility
some meds and diseases
ignoring the urge to defecate, or not having requests for toilet acted upon

27
Q

Constipation – HCA Role

A

Prevention
Encouraging activity
Encouraging fluids (if permitted)
Encouraging fiber in diet
Suppository or enema (delegated task)

28
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

2 types:
1. IBS with diarrhea
S/S: abdo bloating; urgency, frequent, loose BMs (sometimes contain mucus)
2. IBS with constipation
S/S: abdo bloating; straining during BMs; hard, lumpy BMs; abdominal pain (relieved after having a BM)
Cause unknown
stress can trigger
TX: medications, dietary changes

29
Q

IBS – HCA Role

A

Assist with diet
Record output as necessary
Observe and report symptoms
Skin care PRN
Compassion and patience

30
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon
S/S:
fever
pain
abdo tenderness
rectal bleeding
ulcers in colon
TX:
antibiotics
anti-inflammatories
surgery

31
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Chronic, inflammatory bowel condition
Episodic
Exact cause unknown; no cure
May affect any part of the GI tract; mostly lower small intestine/colon

32
Q

s/s of crohn’s diease

A

specific to part of bowel affected
Most common:
diarrhea
abdo pain
weight loss
Can also be systemic:
skin rashes
arthritis,
eye inflammation
anemia
mouth ulcers

33
Q

hca role in crohn’s diease

A

reporting all observations including client’s symptoms
recording all BMs (any blood?)
reporting changes in appetite or dietary intake
provide support and empathy

34
Q

Ostomy

A

surgical creation of a stoma (artificial opening in the body)
Part of intestines may be removed surgically for many reasons (disease, cancer, trauma)
May be permanent or temporary
some cases, ostomy can be reversed
2 types

35
Q

Colostomy

A

part of the colon is brought out onto abdo wall
lower on GI tract, BMs more formed (similar to normal BM)

36
Q

Ileostomy

A

part of the ileum is brought out onto abdo wall
higher up the GI tract, BMs more frequent, less formed as less water is absorbed

37
Q

emesis

A

vomitting
act of expelling contents of stomach through mouth
Severity varies
when client vomits:
if lying down, turn client’s head to side
Get a basin to catch the emesis
After care:
clean gown/area
perform oral care
Observe and report color, odor, amount, etc

38
Q

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

Cause unknown
Stomach acid goes up into the esophagus
s/s:
most common heartburn
sour taste
bad breath
burping
dysphagia
TX:
medications
positioning

39
Q

Celiac Disease

A

Disorder results in inability to tolerate gluten
wheat, oats, barley
S/S:
abdo distention
emesis
diarrhea (usually pale in color)
muscle wasting
TX:
no gluten in diet

40
Q

Gallbladder Disease

A

def: Sac that stores bile
Cholecystitis:
Stones form in gallbladder and cause inflammation
Stones may prevent bile going into digestive system
S/S:
severe abdo pain
nause & vomiting (n&v)
jaundice
TX:
surgery
diet changes

41
Q

Liver Disease: Hepatitis

A

caused by:
infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic)
alcohol or drug use
toxins
mismatch during blood transfusion

42
Q

Liver Disease: Cirrhosis

A

Occurs from chronic or persistent liver disease
Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue
liver function impaired
Causes:
alcoholism (most common)
No cure
treatment can prevent more damage
S/S:
jaundice
enlarged liver
ascites
fatigue

43
Q

Accessory organs of digestion

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

44
Q

Chemical digestion

A

chemical breakdown of food into nutrient molecules for cells to use (stomach)

45
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces (chewing)

1140 2 (9 decks)

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