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1140 2 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION

A

The nervous system controls, directs, and coordinates body functions.
two main divisions:
CNS and PNS

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

involves the nerves throughout the body
carry messages between body and brain or spinal cord
includes ANS

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Controls involuntary muscles and “automatic” body functions

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5
Q

STRUCTURE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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6
Q

brain

A

large soft mass of nerve tissue divided into 2 halves
3 main parts:
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem

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7
Q

Spinal Cord

A

an extension of the brain
made up of nerve tissue
extends down to above the small of the back

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8
Q

nerves

A

made of nerve cells which are specialized to conduct electric-like impulses
Many are found in bundles, held
together by connective tissue
protected by fluid, membranes and bon
2 types of nerves

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9
Q

2 types of nerves

A

Sensory Nerves:
go from organs to brain
messages to cns
Motor Nerves:
go from brain and spinal cord to the muscles
messages from cns

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10
Q

MYELIN SHEATH

A

A covering on some nerve fibres which:
Protects
Insulates
Speeds up impulses

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11
Q

NERVE TISSUE IS MADE
OF 2 TYPES OF CELLS

A

Neuroglia cells
nourish, protect, insulate neurons
Neurons
the nerve cells that transmit information

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12
Q

3 PARTS OF A NEURON

A

Dendrites
Cell body (contains nucleus)
Axon

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13
Q

Order of neuron transmission

A

Dendrites:
receptors receive impulses from other cells (e.g. heat, pain, cold)
Cell body:
receives impulses from dendrites
Axon:
Carries info from cell body to axon terminals where neurotransmitters are stored
transmitters cross synapse to next dendrite

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14
Q

3 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Coordinating and controlling all the body’s activities
Serving as a memory bank for future reference
Interpreting messages from the five senses.

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15
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of brain
Center of “thought and intelligence”
Left & right hemispheres control opposite sides of the body
Cerebral cortex is the outside layer of
cerebrum
it Controls highest functions:
reasoning
memory
consciousness
voluntary muscle control
senses

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16
Q

Thalmus

A

in brain
Receives sensory info (except smell) & relays it to the cerebral cortex for processing

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17
Q

Hypothalmus

A

in brain
Connects nervous & endocrine system:
Controls hormone secretion by pituitary glands – indirectly control hormone excretion by other glands
Contains centers for controlling appetite, wakefulness, pleasure etc

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18
Q

Cerebellum

A

part of the hind brain (small brain)
Coordinates body movements:
balance, muscle tone, coordination of
motor movements
Damage to cerebellum:
jerky & uncoordinated movements, weakness to muscles

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19
Q

Brain Stem

A

connects cerebrum to spinal cord
Pons:
relays info between medulla and cerebrum
Medulla (or medulla oblongata):
Lowest part of brain stem
Controls many automatic activities:
heart rate, breathing, blood vessel size (contract/dilate), swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

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20
Q

SPINAL CORD

A

situated in spinal column, about 45 cm long
conducts messages to/from brain
reflex reactions:
when signal does not go to brain prior to “action”
from sensory stimulus to spinal cord, back to site of stimulus
i.e. pain stimulus, blinking, coughing (protective)

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21
Q

MENINGES

A

layers covering brain and spinal cord:
Dura mater: outer layer next to skull
Arachnoid: middle layer
Pia mater: inner layer containing blood vessels

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22
Q

Arachnoid space

A

part of meninges
between arachnoid and pia mater layer
Contains CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), cushions and protects brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) contains

A

cranial nerves
spinal nerves

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24
Q

cranial nerves

A

from brain to body
12 pairs
Connect brain with the neck and structures in thorax and abdomen
E.g. smell, vision, hearing, pain, touch, temp,
pressure, muscle control

25
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
Carry impulses from skin, extremities, and some internal body structures
E.g. touch, pain, temperature, pressure, muscle activity

26
Q

ANS Divided into 2 parts

A

Sympathetic:
in general, speeds up body functions
“fight or flight”
Parasympathetic:
Responsible for our “normal” condition after “fight or flight” events

27
Q

CHANGES TO THE NERVOUS AND SENSORY
SYSTEM WITH AGING

A

Nerve cells shrink; blood flow to brain reduced
Change in sleep patterns
Decreased sensitivity to pressure, heat, cold, touch
Decreased sensitivity to pain, but an
older person with greater chronic
health problems may have more pain
overall

28
Q

ASSESSING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Easy or difficult to rouse?
oriented x 3?
Able to speak clearly?
Equal hand grips?
Smooth or jerky movements? tremors?

29
Q

SPINAL CORD INJURY

A

can permanently damage the nervous system.
problems depend on:
damage to the cord
level of injury
how high the injury is
Rehab is necessary

30
Q

whos at highest risk for spinal cord injuries? and some causes?

A

Young adult men
Common causes are:
Stab or gunshot wounds
Motor vehicle crashes
Falls
Sports injuries

31
Q

PARALYSIS

A

loss of movement – severity varies
3 types
caused by spinal cord injuries, stroke, and more

32
Q

3 types of paralysis

A

Paraplegia:
waist down
Quadriplegia:
neck down
arms, legs, upper body and breathing (respiratory) muscles may be affected
Hemiplegia:
one side (left or right) and can be seen with strokes

33
Q

PARALYSIS: NEEDS & CARE

A

paralysis and the needs affected depend on where the injury
care strategies depend on the specific needs affected by that injury

34
Q

Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

A

Stroke “Brain attack”
Sudden loss of brain function due to:
interruption of blood flow to the brain (e.g. clot) or rupture of blood vessel in brain
Effects depend on what area of the brain was damaged

35
Q

RISK FACTORS OF A STROKE

A

age (>65 years old)
gender (men at higher risk)
lifestyle choices
HTN
high cholesterol
diabetes

36
Q

WARNING SIGNS OF A STROKE

A

Weakness
Trouble speaking
Vision problems
Headache
Dizziness
More severe: Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

37
Q

TIA (TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK)

A

Temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain
“warning sign”
Same s&s as CVA
No noticeable permanent damage to the brain
TIAs are medical emergencies

38
Q

POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF A STROKE

A

hemiplegia
weakness
loss of facial muscle control
emotional lability
dysphagia
incontinence
aphasia

39
Q

Aphasia

A

partial or complete loss of speech and language skills

40
Q

Receptive aphasia

A

Can’t understand (speech & writing)
May use wrong words or not make sense when talking

41
Q

Expressive aphasia

A

Difficulty speaking or writing
They are aware of this, leads to frustration

42
Q

Global aphasia

A

Mix of expressive & receptive aphasia

43
Q

TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION
AFTER A STROKE

A

maintain body functions
avoid complications
help to return to previous level of function
Should be started as soon as possible
Avoid deconditioning
Will be seen by PT, OT, SLP

44
Q

ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY (ABI)

A

Damage to brain
temporary or permanent.
Causes:
car accidents
trauma
lack of oxygen
stroke
S/S:
will depend on location and extent of injury

45
Q

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

A

neurological disorder
cells in parts of the brain are destroyed
progressive
no cure but medications help
S/S worsen with time

46
Q

PARKINSON’S DISEASE –
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

A

“pill rolling”
Stiff muscles
Mask-like expression
slow, shuffled walk
Stooped posture/impaired balance

47
Q

PARKINSON’S DISEASE TREATMENT

A

Exercise and physiotherapy
Assistance with eating and ADL’s
Normal elimination is a goal
Safety measures are needed to prevent falls and injury

48
Q

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)

A

CNS myelin sheath is destroyed by body’s immune system
nerve impulses to/from brain are disrupted
no cure
Not hereditary, but some familial tendency
Usually first symptoms appear from 15-40 yrs

49
Q

risk factors for MS

A

temperate areas
Caucasians
females

50
Q

MS – SIGNS &
SYMPTOMS

A

gradual and progressive:
vision problems
fatigue
balance issues
muscle weakness/stiffness
tingling/numbness
cognitive issues

51
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

A

Nerves degenerate and brain cells destroyed
causes uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances and cognitive losses
Hereditary disease, 50% chance child will have it
No cure or treatment
Average survival 15-20 yrs after dx but up to 40

52
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE S/S`

A

show up at 20-60 years old
begins with twitching, fidgeting, clumsiness
slurred speech
depression
memory loss
difficulty w eating
difficulty w ADLs

53
Q

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)

A

CNS nerve cells are gradually destroyed
loss of motor neurons
progressive loss of muscle control
occurs between 40-70 yrs
No cure
Supportive care

54
Q

ALS s/s

A

First sign difficulty using fingers and
hands
Eventually all muscles involved

55
Q

Epilepsy

A

Recurrent episodes of:
convulsive seizures
sensory disturbances
abnormal behaviours
loss of consciousness
Controlled by medications

56
Q

Seizure

A

convulsion
Disorganized surge of electrical activity in brain
Sudden and violent contractions of muscle
groups, causing uncontrolled movements
may be so subtle it goes unnoticed
May have aura or warning size before seizure

57
Q

CARE FOR CLIENT HAVING A SEIZURE

A

position client on side
move away anything they could hurt them
place pillow under head
Do not put anything in client’s mouth during a seizure
If seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes or more seizures happen, Call 911
stay with them during and after seizure
Document

58
Q

SEIZURES – OBSERVE AND REPORT

A

Before Seizure
what was happening?
aura?
missed med or meal?
During Seizure
level of consciousness
amount/type of movement
length of seizure
incontinence?
injury?
After Seizure
disoriented?
amnesia?
somnolence?

1140 2 (10 decks)

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