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1140 2 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Main Purpose of the Endocrine System

A

To maintain HOMEOSTASIS in body through hormones.
involved in growth, development, and sexual function/reproduction

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2
Q

what are Glands

A

clusters of specialized cells that secrete or produce hormones

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3
Q

Endocrine System is made of? what does it do?

A

glands
release hormones directly into the bloodstream
travel throughout body to` reach target organs

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4
Q

list the glands

A

Pineal gland
Pituitary gland (master gland)
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries (F)
Testes (M)

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5
Q

what are hormones

A

Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
Influence target cells, “lock & key”

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6
Q

function of hormones

A

Regulate activities of organs and glands
Regulate metabolic processes involving fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Regulate water and electrolyte balance
Important role in growth & reproduction

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain
“CONTROL CENTRE”
Secretes hormones
Hormones produced here control or inhibit release of other hormones

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8
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Located at the base of the brain
“MASTER GLAND”
Releases hormones to regulate release of other hormones in glands and organs
Divided in anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes

A

Growth Hormone:
growth of muscles, bones, and other organs
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
thyroid gland function
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):
Stimulates the adrenal gland
Reproductive Hormones:
Regulates growth, development, and function of reproductive system

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10
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland secretes

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
Prevents kidneys from excreting excessive amounts of water
Oxytocin:
Causes the uterine muscles to contract during childbirth

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11
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Butterfly shaped gland in the neck
Secretes 2 thyroid hormones and calcitonin
T3 & T4:
Regulate metabolism
Proper functioning of other hormones
Maturation of the nervous system
Normal growth and development
Calcitonin:
regulates calcium levels in the body

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12
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

4 small glands behind the thyroid
Secretes parathormone:
Increases amount of calcium available in blood

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13
Q

Thymus Gland

A

Secretes hormone that stimulates T-Cell production throughout childhood years.
For immunity

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14
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Located top of each kidney
ADRENAL CORTEX Secretes:
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Small amounts of sex hormones
ADRENAL MEDULLA
Secretes epinephrine &
norepinephrine:
prepares body for “fight or flight”

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15
Q

Pancreas

A

Located in LUQ of
abdomen with liver
Secretes:
Insulin and Glucagon
Regulate amount of glucose in body available for cells
Insulin is needed for sugar to
enter cells

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16
Q

Gonads

A

Males
Testes secrete testosterone
Females
Ovaries secrete estrogen &
progesterone

17
Q

Changes associated with aging endocrine

A

Aging = increase in
sex hormones and development of secondary
sexual characteristics
Older age decrease in hormone production, esp
testosterone, estrogen,
progesterone decrease
in thyroid hormone
Peripheral tissues become
less responsive to
hormones
Decrease in hormone
production can cause
slowing of bodily functions

18
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Too much thyroid hormone
Body functions speed up
TX:
medication to reduce hormone production, radioactive iodine, surgery

19
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Too little thyroid hormone
Body functions slow down
TX:
thyroid supplement medication

20
Q

DIABETES MELLITUS

A

Pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or insulin is not used properly by body
body systems may be
affected if blood glucose
levels are not controlled.
Need to monitor blood
glucose regularly.

21
Q

s/s of DIABETES

A

Increased thirst
Frequent urination (polyuria)
Constant hunger
Unusual weight loss
Extreme fatigue
Dry, itchy skin
Blurred eyesight

22
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

occurs during pregnancy
temporary, but later risk for type 2
treatment like other types

23
Q

TYPE I DIABETES

A

Dx made as child or young adult
No insulin produced
Will need daily insulin injections

24
Q

TYPE II DIABETES

A

onset is in adulthood
Symptoms may be mild & go unnoticed
Not enough insulin produced or body doesn’t effectively use insulin
TX:
managed by diet & exercise
oral medications to increase insulin productio
insulin injections to supplement body’s insulin

25
Q

MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES

A

maintaing steady blood glucose levels avoid complications
monitoring of blood sugars
management of diet
exercise
maintenance healthy weight
stress reduction
observing for foot or leg wounds, vision checks

26
Q

hca role in diabetes

A

Never cut toenails
Observe for wounds/skin damage
Note vision changes
Be extremely careful with bath water temperature
Assist with proper diet
Provide HS snack when appropriate
Serve all food on time

27
Q

HYPOGLYCEMIA

A

BLOOD SUGAR < 4MMOL/L
Cause:
Too much medication (ie: insulin)
Not enough food consumed/meal delayed
More physical activity than usual
The effects of drinking alcohol
Severe hypoglycemia:
may lead to coma, seizures and death

28
Q

HYPOGLYCEMIA s/s and treatment

A

Shaky, light-headed, nauseous
Nervous, irritable, anxious
Confused unable to concentrate
Hungry
Tachycardia
Sweaty, headachy
Weak, drowsy
A numbness or tingling in the tongue or lips
Treatment:
directed by nurse (hypoglycemic protocol)
form of “sugar” given (dextrose and glucose tablets)

29
Q

WHY IS RECOGNIZING
HYPOGLYCEMIA IN OLDER ADULTS HARD

A

Symptoms non-specific
Easily misdiagnosed
Atypical presentation ie: confusion
Patients w dementia unable to communicate feelings or symptoms

30
Q

CHRONIC CONSEQUENCE OF HYPOGLYCEMIA IN OLDER ADULTS

A

Decline in general physical
function
Reduced ability in performing ADL
Frequent falls
risk of vascular
disease.
risk of dementia.
fear and anxiety.
Behavioural changes.
risk of frailty.
risk of disability.
risk of mortality

31
Q

HYPERGLYCEMIA

A

BLOOD SUGAR >11 MMOL/L
Cause:
bad balance of food, activity, and medications
Sick or under stress
Long-term treatment:
Adjust medication and/or insulin
Adjust meal plan
Increase physical activity

32
Q

S&S OF HYPERGLYCEMIA

A

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Blurred vision
Drowsiness & fatigue
SEVERE HYPERGLYCEMIA
unresponsiveness
Fruity odor of breath
Nausea and vomiting
Tachycardia
Hypotension
decreased urine output
Rapid, deep respirations (kussmaul’s respirations)

1140 2 (9 decks)

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