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1140 2 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

3 basic parts of the circulatory system

A

Heart
Blood
Blood vessels

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2
Q

Functions of cardiovascular system

A

Using blood to carry nutrients, oxygen, and other substances to cells in body
Aids healing of injuries
Removes waste products
+ blood vessels regulate body temperature
Produce/carry cells that defend against pathogens

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3
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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4
Q

How does the blood flow through the heart (diagram)

A

Deoxygenated Blood enters through superior or inferior vena cava
Enters right atrium
Passes tricuspid value
Enters right ventricle
Goes up through pulmonary artery to left and right lungs for oxygenation
Blood enters back through left pulmonary veins
Enters left atrium
Passes mitral valve
Enters left ventricle
Exits heart through the aorta to the rest of the body

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5
Q

What is the heart rate

A

Rate which the heart beats
Is initiated by hearts electrical system

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6
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Measurement of the force exerted by the blood against the arterys walls
Recorded 2 ways

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7
Q

What is the heart

A

An organ that acts as a pump to push blood via blood vessels

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8
Q

Normal range of HR and BP

A

HR: 60 to 100 bpm
SBP: <120
DBP: <70

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9
Q

Diastolic vs Systolic BP

A

Ventricles relax vs ventricles contract

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10
Q

What does Blood consist of

A

blood cells and plasma (liquid portion)

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11
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
Hemoglobin picks/releases oxygen
Changes from red to blue depending on how filled with oxygen it is

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12
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Protect body against infection

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13
Q

Platelets

A

Necessary for blood clotting

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14
Q

What observations do we make for cardiovascular system?

A

Skin colour
Skin temperature
Pulse
BP and oxygen saturation (depends on agency)

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15
Q

Arteries

A

Carry oxygen rich blood from the heart
Brunches are smaller arteries that carry blood to the body
Small brunches of arteries are called capillaries

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16
Q

Veins

A

Return dark red blood to the heart for oxygenation
2 mains veins
Inferior vena cava - from trunk and legs
Superior vena cava - from head and arms

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17
Q

Changes with aging

A

Weakened cardiac muscles
Arteries narrow and are less elastic
Heart therefore works harder and BP may be higher
May be decrease in blood volume

18
Q

Plebitis

A

Inflammation of the vein
S/s
Redness or warmth to area
Pain
Swelling
Burning

19
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot that forms in a blood vessel
Can decrease or stop blood flow
Exercise prevents

20
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Abnormal heart rhythm
Heartbeat skips or has extra beats
Severity varies
Can be treated with pacemaker

21
Q

Artificial pacemakers

A

Medical devices implanted in body to regulate heartbeat
Goes through superior vena cara into right side of heart
Avoid magnetic fields
S/s of malfunctioning
Dizziness/fainting
Chest pain
Arrhythmias

22
Q

Ischemia

A

Decrease in blood supply to area

23
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Thickening and narrowing of arteries
From plague build up in vessels
Includes CAD

24
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

Coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked
Less o2/nutrients to heart muscle
Leads to angina pectoris and/or myocardial infarct

25
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

High blood pressure from high force in pumping blood through vessels
Must be elevated on 2 or more occasions
Can cause damage to other organs

26
Q

Risk factors of HTN and treatment

A

Lifestyle
Age
Family history
Ethnicity
Treat by low salt diet, medications, and change of lifestyle

27
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain
Result of decreased oxygen to heart muscle
Caused usually by CAD or physical exertion

28
Q

Angia pectoris s/s

A

pain
tightness
dizziness
palpitations
light headed
SOB
Treated with rest or nitroglycerin

29
Q

When to get help for chest pain

A

When it is not relieved with rest or medications
If it is not the clients usual pain

30
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

Heart attack
Caused by vessel occlusion (no blood flow)
From arteries blocked by atherosclerosis, embolus (elsewhere in body), or valsalva

31
Q

What to do during a heart attack

A

Call 911 and nurse
Rest
Remove tight/restricting clothes
Try to calm client

32
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

heart does not pump efficiently, blood backs up and tissues become congested with fluid
can be right or left sided heart failure, or both

33
Q

right sided heart failure

A

blood backs up in veins
s/s
weight gain
peripheral edema
Jugular vein distention
Decreased liver function
Abdominal pain

34
Q

left sided heart failure

A

Blood collects in lungs
S/ S:
Pulmonary (lung) congestion: dyspnea
shows in productive, wet sounding cough

35
Q

s/s and treatment of CHF

A

Weakness
Confusion/behaviour changes
Decreased kidney function = decreased urine output
TX:
Low sodium diet
Medications
Diuretics; medications to strengthen heart

36
Q

hca role in clients with chf

A

Positioning for breathing
diet plan
Measure in and outs; daily weights
activity and rest
Encourage no smoking/alcohol
Delegated tasks:
- compression stockings
- assist with medications
- assist with oxygen
- monitor for DVT or blood clots

37
Q

why does fluid pool in legs

A

moving calf muscles helps to push blood back up veins
Valves in leg veins may not work
legs in dependent (lower) position also contribute to pooling

38
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

Blood pools in legs or lower body
Pumping action of heart may not be as efficient, cant compensate for gravity upon standing
the insufficient blood/oxygen to brain causes dizziness

39
Q

how does immobility affect the heart

A

Heart must work harder
Less efficient
Vessels narrower and less elastic
Blood return to heart not as efficient (effects
of pooling)
Pooling may lead to thrombus formation

40
Q

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

A

Impaired circulation to the peripheries (ea limbs)
Cause: atherosclerosis and diabetes
S/S:
Skin cool/cold to touch
Cyanosis
Decreased pulse fullness
May experience pain or tingling

41
Q

care strategies to PVD

A

May lead to vascular ulcers
prevention and care same as pressure ulcers
Elevate legs when sitting (improve blood return/decrease edema)
Encourage walking
Compression stockings (check scope)
Report leg pain, can indicate thrombus

42
Q

Risk factors for CAD

A

Lifestyle
Hypertension, high cholesterol
Age
Gender
Family history

1140 2 (9 decks)

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