Urinary System Flashcards
What is the outer portion of he parenchyma of the kidney
Cortex
What are the two hormones produced by the urinary system
Renin
Erythropoietin
What is the inner portion of the parenchyma of the kidney
Medulla
What is the functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
What are the two parts of the nephron
Renal corpuscle
Tubular part
Main function of the renal corpuscle
Filtration
Main function of the tubular part
Absorption and secretion
Two parts of the renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
What are the two poles of the renal corpuscle
Vascular pole
Urinary pole
What can be found at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle
Afferent vessels enter
Efferent vessels exit
Afferent branch and form glomerulus
What can be found at the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle
Beginning of tubular part
What is the outer layer of Bowmans capsule made of
Simple squamous epithelium
What is the inner layer of Bowmans capsule made of
Podocytes
What is the filtration barrier between blood and urinary space in the glomerulus
Basement membrane
What is the composition of glomerular filtrate
Similar to plasma but contains almost no protein
Where will you find mesangial cells
Within the capillary walls of the glomerulus
What receptors do mesangial cells have on them
Angiotensin 2
Atrial naturetic factor
What functions do mesangial cells have
Structural support
Synthesize extracellular matrix
Endocytosis
Control blood flow
What type of epithelium does the proximal convoluted have
Simple cuboidal epithelium
What are some of the characteristics of the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule
Numerous mitochondria
Abundant microvili
Abundant infoldings
What is absorbed back in the proximal convoluted tubules
Glucose
Small proteins
Amino acids
85%of water and NaCl
What is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubules
Creatinine
Organic acids
Organic bases
What are the 4 potential parts of the loop of Henley
Thick descending limb
Thin descending limb
Thin ascending limb
Thick ascending limb
What are the two types of nephrons based on loop of Henley and location of the renal corpuscle
Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
What creates the hyperosmotic gradient in the medulla?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Specifically the selective permeability of the thin ascending and descending loops to water and NaCl
What is the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule
Simple cuboidal
What are some of the characteristics of the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule
Mitochondria
NO BRUSH BORDER
Basal membrane infoldings
What is aldosterone dependent in the distal convoluted tubules
Absorb sodium
Secrete potassium
What is acid base balance dependent in the distal convoluted tubules
Secrete hydrogen and ammonium
What are the three cell types of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Cells of macula densa
JG cells
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
What is the macula densa
A modified segment of the wall of the distal convoluted tubule
What is the function of the cells of the macula densa
They are sensitive to ionic content and water volume of the tubular fluid
What do JG cells secrete
Renin
What are JG cells
Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
What activates the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
What connects a distal convoluted tubule to a collecting duct
Collecting tubule
What type of epithelium makes up the collecting tubules and ducts
Simple cuboidal which turns to columnar
What are the two cell types present in collecting tubule/duct epithelium
Light cells
Dark cells
Where are light cells located
Throughout collecting ducts and tubules
Where are dark cells located
Cortical region
What do dark cells do
Secrete hydrogen ion or bicarbonate
Ducts becomes permeable to water in the presence of what
ADH
What is the main artery that supplies blood to the cortex/medulla
Renal artery
What branch of renal artery gives of afferent arterioles
Interlobar arteries
What is important about the vasa recta arteries
They make straight hair pin turns and descend out into the medulla alongside the loop of Henley helping maintain the osmotic gradient of the medulla
What do all the veins of the kidney drain into?
Renal vein
Urine is no longer modified once it reaches where
Leaves collecting duct
What is the lining of the ureter
Transitional epithelium
What are the two muscle layers of the bladder
Inner layer (longitudinal) Outer layer (circular)
What is the ring like muscle arrangement at the opening of the urethra
Internal urethral sphincter
What is the epithelium of the female urethra
Transitional to stratified squamous
What is the transition of epithelium of the male urethra
Transitional
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified squamous
