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Histology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary system of mammals comprised of?

A
  • pair of kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

What type of organ is the kidney?

A
  • parenchymal organ
  • highly vascular organ
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3
Q

What are the tubular organs of the urinary system?

A
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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4
Q

What are the different functions of kidneys?

A
  • filter blood
  • reabsorb water
  • reabsorb electrolytes
  • eliminate metabolic wastes (as urine)
  • hormone production
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5
Q

How do kidneys eliminate metabolic waste?

A
  • as urine
  • through the ureter which leads to the bladder
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6
Q

What biologically active molecules does the kidney produce? State their names.

A

hormones:
- erythropoietin
- renin
- angiotensin II

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7
Q

What function are the kidneys associated with?

A

the excretory function

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8
Q

Why are kidneys classified as “highly vascular organs”?

A

they recieve 20-25% of the cardiac output
(large volume of blood continuously rushes through the kidneys).

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9
Q

What is the name of the kidneys functional component?

A

the nephron

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10
Q

What is initially seperated from the blood in the kidneys (nephrons)? What does it form?

A

plasma is seperated from cells and large proteins forming primary urine.

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11
Q

What happens to primary urine once it is formed?

A

Primary urine passes through tubules where it is additionally filtrated.

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12
Q

What is formed from primary urine, after it is filtered? What is it composed of?

A

final urine:
- water
- electrolytes
- many waste products: urea, uric acid, and creatonin.

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13
Q

What is reabsorbed in the kidneys? What is it called? Where does it go?

A
  • glucose
  • ions
  • small molecules

reabsorbed back to the blood

“clean blood” exits the kidney

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14
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A
  • hormone
  • associated with deoxia
  • decreased level of oxygen in the cells cellular level
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15
Q

Why is erythropoietin produced?

A
  • sufficiently compensate normal red blood cell turnover
  • (increase the number of erythrocytes inorder to carry more oxygen)
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16
Q

What is renin? What is its function?

A
  • regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
  • mediates the volume of extracellular fluids
  • regulating arterial pressure
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17
Q

Explain the structure of the kidney.

A
  • tough fibrous capsule (irregular dense connective tissue)
  • very little connective tissue
  • cortex (granular)
  • medullar (striated)

organised into lobes
- pyramidal structure

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18
Q

What do the kidneys have as an outer layer? What is it composed of? What is its function?

A

tough fibrous capsule:
- made of irregular dense connective tissue
- for protection

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19
Q

How much connective tissue is present between the kidney nephrons?

A
  • very little connective tissue
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20
Q

What is the kidneys outer region called? What is its appearance? Why?

A

cortex:
- granular
- full of ovoid filtration units

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21
Q

Why is the cortex granular?

A

it is full of ovoid filtration units

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22
Q

What is the inner region of the kidney called? What type of appearance does it have?

A

medulla:
- striated appearance

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23
Q

What is the kidney organised into? What are their structures? Explain their composition.

A

organised into lobes:
- pyramidal structure
- outer portion: cortex
- inner portion: medulla

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24
Q

What is an exceptional feature of the kidney? What does this further mean?

A

The tough fibrous capsule is not branched!
- does not have branches or trabecules going deeper into the organs lobes/lobules

this means that there are very little stroma components deeper to the capsule.
–> most of the organ is composed of PARENCHYMA

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25
Q

What part does the kidney hold within the fibrous capsule? What is it divided into? What are the different parts composed of? What are their major difference?

A

the parenchymal part:
- cortex
- medulla

both structures are composed of nephrons! (however different parts of nephrons are placed in difefrent zones)

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26
Q

What visual difference do the two kindey zones have? Why? What does it reflect?

A

The two zones, cortex and medulla, have a colour difference, reflecting the distribution of blood in the kidney.

cortex: deeper, darker colour = more blood (90-95%)
medullar: lighter colour, smaller blood content (5-10%)

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27
Q

Where is most of the kidney’s blood located?

A

in the cortex (90-95%)

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28
Q

What is the entire parenchyma of the kidney formed by?

A

closely packed nephrons

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29
Q

What is a nephron?

A

the structural and functional unit of the kidney

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30
Q

What are nephrons responsible for?

A
  • filtration
  • excretion
  • resorption
  • regulate ion balance
  • stabilize blood pressure
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31
Q

What do nephrons regulate?

A

ion balance

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32
Q

What do nephrons stabilize?

A

blood pressure

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33
Q

What is a nephron composed of?

A

1) renal corpuscle
2) thick tubular part:
- proximal convoluted tubule (proximal thick segment)
- proximal straight tubule (proximal thick segment)
- loop of Henle (thin segment consisting of thin tubules)
- distal straight tubule (distal thick segment)
- distal convoluted tubule (distal thick segment)
(connects to the collecting tubule at the renal papilla)

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34
Q

What is the long tubular part of the kidney composed of?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule (proximal thick segment)
  • proximal straight tubule (proximal thick segment)
  • loop of Henle (thin segment consisting of thin tubules)
  • distal straight tubule (distal thick segment)
  • distal convoluted tubule (distal thick segment)
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35
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule connect to? Where?

A

distal convoluted tubule connects to the collecting tubule, at the renal papilla.

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36
Q

What are the two parts of the nephron?

A

1) renal corpuscle (round part)
2) renal tubules

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37
Q

What does “convoluted” mean when explaining the nephron tubules?

A

go in various directions (not in one direction)

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38
Q

What is present in the renal corpuscle? What occurs there?

A

incoming kindey blood
- glomerus and bowman’s capsule
- ultrafiltration occurs

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39
Q

What is present in the distal part (end) of the nephron? What does it empty into?

A

urine
- empties into the collecting duct

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40
Q

What structure is not a part of the nephron?

!

A

collecting duct

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41
Q

What is the function of the collecting duct?

A

collect the final product (urine) of the nephron

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42
Q

What type of epithelium can be found in the nephron?

A

general: simple cuboidal epithelium
proximal convoluted tubule: simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
loop of Henle (descending limb): squamous epithelium
collecting tubules: simple squamous/columnar epithelium

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43
Q

What epithelium is the nephron composed of in general?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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44
Q

What epithelium is the proximal convoluted tubule composed of?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • with microvilli
  • epithelium fills the lumen
  • microvilli increase the surface area by 30-40 fold
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45
Q

What epithelium is the loop of Henle composed of? Which part?

A

the descending limb of the Loop of Henle is composed of squamous epithelium.

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46
Q

What epithelium are the collecting tubules composed of? What is it not part of?

A

not part of the nephron!
composed of simple squamous/columnar epithelium.

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47
Q

What is absorbed in which part of the loop of Henle?

A

ascending limb: sodium and chloride ions
descending limb: water

48
Q

What occurs in the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • secretion of ions, acids, drugs and toxins
  • variable resorption of water, sodium ions and calcium ions (hormonal control)
49
Q

What is an exception of the epithelium in the nephron? Why?

A

proximal convoluted tubule’s simple cuboidal epithelium contains microvilli

loop of Henle composed of squamous epithelium

50
Q

What does the renal corpuscle contain?

A
  • Glomerulus
  • surrounded by a double layer of the Bowman’s capsule
51
Q

What is the primary function of the renal corpuscle?

A

ultrafiltration

52
Q

What does the filtration apparatus of the kidney consist of?

A
  • glomerular endothelium
  • glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
  • Bowman’s capsule podocytes
53
Q

What is the glomerulus surrounded by?

A

a double layer of Bowman’s capsule

54
Q

What are the two layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

outer layer: parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule
inner layer: visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule (located on top of capillaries)

55
Q

What is the most important feature of the renal corpuscle? What does it filtrate and make?

A

the filtration unit, making primary urine

56
Q

What is endothelium?

A

epithelium that lines blood vessels

57
Q

What lines the capillaries within the glomerulus?

A

endothelium

58
Q

What is endothelium always placed on?

A

a basement membrane –> GBM ‘glomerular basement membrane’

59
Q

What is the name of the ‘special cells’ within the Bowman’s capsule?

A

podocytes

60
Q

What is formed once blood passes through the “filtration apparatus”?

A

primary urine

61
Q

What does the negatively charged glomerular basement membrane act as?

A
  • physical barrier
  • ion-selective filter
62
Q

What charge does the glomerular basement membrane have?

A

negative

63
Q

What do podocytes have? What do they interdigitate?

A

podocytes extend their processes around the capillaries
- develop numerous *secondary processes *= pedicels (foot processes)
- pedicels interdigitate with other pedicels of the neighbouring podocytes

64
Q

What are pedicels? Function? Other name?

A
  • other name: foot processes
  • what are they: secondary processes
  • function: interdigitate with other pedicels of the neighbouring podocytes
65
Q

What do the spaces bewteen the interdigitating foot processes form? What are they covered by?

A

form filtration slits, which are covered by the filtration slit diaphragm.

66
Q

What are filtration slits? What are they covered by?

A
  • spaces between the interdigitating foot processes
  • covered by the filtration slit diaphragm.
67
Q

Explain the features of the endothelium covering the blood vessels. What is their function?

A

fenestrations (gaps):
- 50-100 nm in diameter

function:
- transport only the blood plasma
- cannot transfer proteins, large molecules, and blood cells

68
Q

What is the main filtration barrier?

A

basement membrane

69
Q

What is the third layer of the filtration unit?

A

podocytes

70
Q

What is the shape of podocytes?

A
  • irregular shapes
  • processes
  • secondary processes
  • filtration slits: small invaginations (between secondary processes)
71
Q

What is hematuria? When does it happen?

A

hematuria= disease when blood is present in the urine
- caused by the malfunctioning of the podocyte barrier

72
Q

What processes are mesangial cells involved in?

A
  • phagocytosis (of residues trapped in the filtration slits)
  • endocytosis (of residues trapped in the filtration slits)
  • secretion of paracrine substances
  • structural support for podocytes
  • modulation of glomerular distention
73
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus include?

A
  • macula densa (monitors Na+ concentration in tubular fluid)
  • juxtaglomerular cells (secrete renin)
  • extraglomerular mesangial cells (regulate blood pressure by activating the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system))
74
Q

What does the macula densa do?

A

monitors Na+ concentration in tubular fluid

75
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells do?

A

secrete renin

76
Q

What do extraglomerular mesangial cells do?

A

regulate blood pressuer by activating the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)

77
Q

Are mesangial cells macrophages? What process do they do?

A

Mesangial cells are NOT macrophages, but they do phagocytosis.
- phagocytize molecules which are trapped in filtration slits in between of podocytes

78
Q

What states can mesangial cells go into? What does this mean?

A
  • can go into contraction and relaxation states
  • work as smooth muscle cells
79
Q

Why can mesangial cells indirectly regulate blood flow in blood vessels?

A

Mesangial cells are located in between of blood vessels.
their contraction and relaxation influences the diameter of arterioles.

80
Q

What do the nephrons make?

A

the entire kidney parenchyma

81
Q

What does the cortex of a kidney contain?

A
  • the cortical labyrinth (renal corpuscles, distal, convoluted tubules, and proximal convoluted tubules)
  • medullary rays (straight tubules and collecting ducts)
    (only straight tubules in cortex!!)
82
Q

What does the cortical labyrinth contain?

A
  • renal corpuscles
  • distal convoluted tubules
  • proximal convoluted tubules
83
Q

What are medullary rays comprised of?

A
  • straight tubules
  • collecting ducts
84
Q

Why does the nephron cortex have a granular appearance?

A
  • it is full of filtration units (glomerus + Bowman’s capsule)
  • contains convoluted tubules
85
Q

Which part of medullary rays are present in the nephron cortex?

A

only the straight tubules!

86
Q

Why is the medullary ray called the “medullary ray”?

A

Most of the linear pattern components are positioned in the medulla.

87
Q

What are pyramids?

A
  • the tubules in the medulla
  • arrangement and differences in length –> conical structures

all medullary tubules paired together

88
Q

Explain the positioning of renal pyramids.

A

bases of pyramids: face the cortex
apices: face the renal sinus

89
Q

What is each renal pyramid divided into? What do they contain?

A

1) outer medulla:
- straight tubules
- collecting ducts

2) inner medulla:
- thin tubules (most of the loop of Henle)
- collecting ducts

90
Q

What are the different regions of the renal pyramids formed from?

A

both the cortex and medullary regions:
- numerous closely packed, uriniferous cells

91
Q

What are the spaces between tubules occupied by?

A

an extensive capillary network

92
Q

What do renal columns represent?

A

cortical tissue contained within the medulla.

93
Q

How are renal columns formed?

A
  • caps of cortical tissue lie over pyramids
  • caps are sufficiently extensive
  • extend peripherally around the lateral portion of the pyramid
94
Q

What does a kidney lobe consist of?

A
  • medullary pyramid
  • its associated cortical tissue (at its base and sides) (one half of each adjacent renal column)
95
Q

What is a renal column?

Are glomeruluses and convoluted tubules present?

A

the extention of cortex going deeper into the organ.

YES! just a smaller concentration of glomerulus and convoluted tubules.

96
Q

What can one call a “cortical labyrinth”?

A

both medulla and cortex

97
Q

Note for self:

A

papilla = icecream cone
cortex- really large icecream scoop extending beyond the sides of the icecream cone
lobe= papilla & half of renal column

98
Q

What does the glomerular ultrafiltrate pass through? What happens?

A

passes through: a series of tubules and collecting ducts
(lined by epithelial cells that secrete and absorb various substrances to produce the final urine)

99
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule recieve? What does it do?

A

recieves: the glomerular ultrafiltrate (from the Bowman’s capsule)
function: initial and major site of reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, polypeptides, water, and electrolytes

100
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule reabsorb?

A

sodium and chloride

101
Q

What does the collecting duct reabsorb? What does it secrete?

A

resorbs: sodium, chloride, water
secretes: ammonium, hydrogen ions and potassium

102
Q

What do the walls of the renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra include?

A
  • mucosa (exclusively transitional epithelium!)
  • muscularis of smooth muscle
  • adventitia/serosa
  • sometimes: submucosa
103
Q

What is the epithelium called in the urinary system?

A

urothelium

103
Q

What is the lining of the tubular urinary system organ’s mucosa composed of?

A

exclusively transitional epithelium

104
Q

What is the structure of transitional epithelium? What is special within the urinary system?

A
  • stratified! (atleast a few layers)
  • property to extend and distend (depending on the volume of urine accumulated in the urinary system)
  • molecules of europlacins (some bacteria binds–> causing urinary tract infection)
105
Q

Explain the histological composition of the ureter.

A

mucosa: folded appearance
lamina propria: loose connective tissue; seperating the transitional epithelium from lamina muscularis

submucosa: absent!

tunica muscularis:
(2/3)
- inner longitudinal
- outer curcular!
(lower 1/3)
- inner longitudinal
- middle circular
- outer longitudinal

serosa/adventitia

106
Q

What is special about the ureter?

A
  • submucosa absent
  • extensive lamina propria (loose connective tissue)
107
Q

Why does the mucosal lining of the ureter have a folded appearance?

A
  • protect against urine reflux (when bladder is full)
  • closes lumen

(easy: even if the urinary bladder is full, urine will not go back into the kidney!)

108
Q

How does urine go into the urinary bladder if the lumen is closed?

A

tunica muscularis!!
- urine is squeezed by peristalic movements of the two and three muscle layers

109
Q

What is the difference between the ureter wall composition, and the composition of other tubular organs?

A

tunica muscularis!

2/3:
- inner longitudinal
- outer circular

lower 1/3: (same as urinary bladder!)
- inner longitudinal
- middle circular
- outer longitudinal

110
Q

What happens to the transitional epithelial cells of the urinary bladder when the bladder is distended with urine?

A

they become flatter

111
Q

What does the tunica muscularis of the urinary bladder consist of?

A

3 layers:
- inner longitudinal
- middle circular
- outer longitudinal

112
Q

What is the urinary bladder covered by?

A

body and apex (most): serosa (located in the pelvic cavity)
neck: adventitia (loose connective tissue) (located outside of the cavity)

113
Q

Why is it necessary for the urinary bladder to have three layers in the tunica muscularis?

A
  • keep urine safe
  • help urination (contract during urination)
114
Q

What is the histological structure of the urethra?

A

Identical to the urinary bladder:
- transitional epithelium
- three layered tunica muscularis
- serosa (body and apex); adventitia (neck)

Histology (20 decks)

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