Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Digestive System 2 > Flashcards

Digestive System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the length of the digestive tract?

A

It extends from the mouth to the anus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the wall of the digestive tract consist of?

A
  • outer serosa (or an adventitia)
  • muscularis externa
  • submucosa
  • inner mucosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the “mucosa” layer constist of?

A
  • inner epithelium
  • middle lamina propria
  • outer muscularis mucosae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the muscularis mucosae absent?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • portions of the esophagus
  • rumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the mouth lack? (which parts of the wall?)

A
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the digestive tract consist of?

A

only TUBULAR organs!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the outermost layer of all tubular organs?

A

2 options:
- tunica serosa
- tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is it possible to find both tunica serosa and tunica adventitia in one place in tubular organs?

A

NO!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is it possible to find both tunica serosa and tunica adventitia in the same tubular organ?

A

yes, just at different locations!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between tunica serosa and tunica adventitia from a histological perspective?

A

Tunica serosa = simple squamous epithelium
(squamous are very flat cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a special feature of tunica serosa cells?

A

all of the cells secrete SEROUS SECRETE!

simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is serous secrete? What is its function?

A
  • watery substance
  • small fraction of proteins and other molecules
  • necessary for the lubrication of outer surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What lubricates internal organs?

A

tunica serosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is tunica serosa found?

A

ONLY IN CAVITIES!
- pelvic
- abdominal
- thoracic

ser tylko w brzuchu = cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is constant in all organs in a cavity?

A
  • lubrication!
  • covered by tunica serosa!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the structure of tunica adventitia. What is its function?

A
  • based on loose connective tissue
  • attaches organ with the adjacent structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the surrounding layer of the esophagus.

A

Esophagus is located in the neck = not a cavity!
- highly attached to adjacent structures (muscles)
- surrounded by tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the structure of the external layer of tissue of the digestive tract.

A

tunica serosa- simple squamous epithelium
tunica adventitia- loose connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

State the functions of the external layer of the digestive tract.

A

Tunica adventitia:
- attaches organ to adjacent structures

Tunica serosa:
- prevents attachment
- provides lubrication + sliding movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What layer comes after tunica serosa/adventitia?

A

Tunica muscularis (Muscular layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is tunica muscularis based on?

A

smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is tunica muscularis based on?

A

2 layers!

1) Circular muscle layer
2) Longitudinal muscle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which muscle layer is typically located on the inner side? Which on the outer side?

A

Inner- circular muscle layer
Outer- longitudinal muscle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why are the two muscle layers necessary in the digestive tract?

A

Circular and longitudinal contractions provide the digestive tract with “PERISTALTIC MOVEMENTS”.
- allow food to move through the digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why are the two muscle layers necessary in the uterus?

A

Contractions allow to push out baby during the birth process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which muscle layer is most important in blood vessels? Why?

A
  • CIRCULAR muscle layer!
  • regulates blood pressure (narrows and widens lumen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What structures are the same in all tubular structures?

A

Tunica muscularis!
- circular muscle layer
- longitudinal muscle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a structure that is an exception to other tubular organs when it comes to tunica muscularis? Why? What are the layers? What order?

A

STOMACH:
- additional layer- OBLIQUE pathway
- located most inner
- muscle order (From center): oblique, circular and longitudinal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is the stomach an exception of the type of muscles in tunica muscularis?

A
  • additional oblique muscle layer
  • helps mix food within the stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What layer is located beneath the muscle layer (tunica muscularis)?

A

Tunica SUBMUCOSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of tissue is tunica submucosa?

A

loose connective tissue

ifyou get subbed out then youre loosing!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of tunica submucosa?

A

loose connective tissue:
- mediator between tunica mucosa and tunica muscularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the final (most inner) layer of the digestive tract? What is it composed of?

A

tunica MUCOSA

3 layers:
- epithelium (inner)
- lamina propria (middle)
- muscularis mucosa (outer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the most important layer of the digestive tract wall?

A

tunica mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the most important layer of tunica mucosa? Why?

A
  • epithelial layer
  • very related with the function of organs
  • helps distingush between particular organs (epithelium differences allow to distinguish between types of organs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the structure of lamina propria?

A

loose or dense connective tissue

lame vs proper = loose vs dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Explain the structure of Muscularis Mucosae. Where is it located?

A

Muscularis Mucosae = outer layer of mucosa
- very thin layer
- few smooth muscle cell layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What structure is different depending on the type of organ in which it is located? State examples.

A

INNER SURFACE OF MUCOSA (EPITHELIAL LAYER OF MUCOSA)
- general histological structure of mucosa may be the same, yet there are underlying architectual differences (infoldings, projections, etc.)

eg.
- intestine: projections (villi) for absorpion
- stomach: invaginations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What other components can be spotted in the digestive system? State an example. Provide a reason.

A

immune system components
- things which help fight infections (aggregations of immune system cells)

eg. LYMPHOID NODULE
kills pathogens and bacteria which enter the organism through the digestive tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How can we distinguish that the digestive system is the primary immune system organ?

A

Through the large number of immune system cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What type of tissue is the epithelium of the mucosa made out of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What occurs to the stratified squamous epithelium in some places? What places?

A

keratinization
- dental pad
- surface of tongue
- hard palate
- cheek
- non glandular stomach of ruminants, horses and pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium located?

A

mucosa in the:
- glandular stomach
- small intestine
- most of the large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the structure of the epithelium of mucosa in the glandular stomach, small intestine, and most of the large intestine?

A

simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What type of tissue does the anal canal consist of?

A

stratified squamous

same like inner epithelium of digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the mucosa moistened by (from the mouth through the esophagus)? What are their types? What is the major type of gland?

A

SECRETIONS
- mucous
- serous

of various glands (especially salivary glands).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What other structures aid in the production of lubricating secretions? What cells?

A

STOMACH:
- surface mucous cells
- mucous neck cells

SMALL and LARGE INTESTINE:
- goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the beggining and ending part of the digestive tract lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

What epithelium are the parts of most digestive actions lined by?

A

simple columnar epithelium

50
Q

Why is the anus lined by stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  • it has small contact with the external environemnt
  • thick= protected from outer environmental factors: pathogens, chemical substances etc.
51
Q

Why is the beginning of the digestive tract lined by stratified squamous epithelium? Which parts?

A
  • all parts from mouth until the glandular stomach
  • thick= protected from outer environmental factors: food! (hot, rough materials, very large amounts)
52
Q

When does the change in epithelium occur? Why?

A

only in the glandular stomach (stratified squamous –> simple columnar)
- stomach: protection is not as much necessary because:
1) large: food fits (unlike in esophagus)
2) acidic environment
3) enzymes

53
Q

Why are the small and large intestines not necessary protected?

A
  • recieves ‘safe’ digested food
  • equilized in temperature
54
Q

What is an advantage of being lined with simple columnar epithelium for the intestine?

A

simple columnar epithelium is much thinner than stratified squamous epithelium –> absorption of molecules is effective

55
Q

What is the oropharynx lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

56
Q

What does the oropharynx contain? What is an exception? Why?

A

MUCOUS glands
- except carnivores: MIXED glands

(stratified squamous epithelium)

57
Q

What is the muscularis externa of skeletal mucle in the oropharynx surrounded by?

A

ADVENTITIA

  • not in the cavity
  • connects organ with surrounding muscle structures
58
Q

What organ follows the mouth in the digestive tract?

A

oropharynx

59
Q

Until what structure is the epithelium in the digestive tract stratified squamous?

A

the glandular stomach

60
Q

What is the esophagus externally surrounded by in most of its length?

A

tunica ADVENTITIA

61
Q

What part of the esophagus is special? Why?

A

Muscularis externa varies in composition:
- DOG: composed of skeletal muscle throughout its length (except of stomach in which skeletal muscle –> smooth muscle)
- RUMINANTS: entire muscle is skeletal muscle
- HORSE and CAT: skeletal –> smooth muscle in the caudal third of the esophagus
- PIG: skeletal –> smooth muscle (cranial to the diaphragm)

62
Q

Why is a part of the esophagus not lined by adventitia? What is it lined by?

A
  • serosa
  • located in a cavity (before opening to stomach)
63
Q

What is exceptional in the esophagus?

A
  • muscular layer is not based on smooth muscle tissue!
  • based on skeletal muscle!
  • (mixture between skeletal and smooth muscle tissue)
64
Q

What about the esophagus can inform one about the species of an organism?

A
  • the proportion of skeletal muscle
  • the position of glands
65
Q

What is the mucosa of the esophagus lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

66
Q

What types of glands occur in the esophagus?

A

mucous and mixed glands

67
Q

What about glands allows to distinguish between species?

A
  • position
68
Q

Explain the position of glands throughout the esophagus in different species.

A

CAT, HORSE, RUMINANT: glands at the junction of the pharynx and esophagus
PIG: glands occur anteriorly, no glands in the midregion, sparse glands in the caudal region
DOG: glands in the entire length of the esophagus + extend into the stomach (Short distance)

69
Q

What is the major gland found in the esophagus?

A

Mucous glands (but mixed glands are also present)

70
Q

Explain the differences in the stomach between different species.

A

HORSE, RUMINANT, PIG:
- forestomach: nonglandular
- stomach: glandular

RUMINANTS:
- forestomach: rumen, reticulum and omasum
- abomasum: glandular stomach

CAT, DOG:
- forestomach: absent
- stomach: glandular

71
Q

What does the glandular stomach consist of in all species?

A
  • cardiac gland region
  • fundic gland region
  • pyloric gland region
72
Q

State a main feature of the cardiac gland region.

A

Small in all species but the pig.

73
Q

What is the stomach lined by? Does it produce anything?

A

mucous producing SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

74
Q

What are all fore-stomachs lined by?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

75
Q

What is the “real stomach”?

A
  • glandular stomach
  • digestion process is based on enzymes
76
Q

Explain the structure of the forestomach. What is its purpose?

A
  • no glands
  • entire digestive process is based on microorganisms
77
Q

Explain the distribution of gastric glands in the stomach.

A

cardiac zone (nearest to esophagus)- cardiac glands

pyloric zone (final part)- pyloric glands

fundic part (body)- corpus-fundic glands

78
Q

What glands are mucous glands?

A

cardiac and pyloric glands

79
Q

What is special about the fundic part of the stomach?

A

gastric pits are present

80
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Tubular structures formed where the epithelium of the glandular stomach invaginates into the lamina propria.

81
Q

What empties into gastric pits?

A

tubular glands

82
Q

What are glands constructed mostly of in the fundic gland region? What is their function?

A
  • parietal cells (secrete HCl)
  • chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)
83
Q

What type of glands are present in the pyloric gland region?

A

mucous type with interspersed parietal cells

84
Q

What type of glands are present in the cardiac gland region?

A

mucous glands with occasional parietal cells

85
Q

In easy words what is a gastric pit?

A

invagination of the stomachs internal surface

86
Q

What is important to note about gastric pits?

A

The gastric pit is not the gland itself!

  • glands open into gastric pits
87
Q

Are mucous cells part of gastric pits?

A

not always, which is why they are called “surface mucous cells”.

88
Q

What is the name of the mucous producing cell of the gastric pit?

A

mucous neck cell

89
Q

What is in between of the mucous neck cells? What are their functions?

A

stem cells
- in charge of renewing superficial epithelium and other cells within the gastric pits

90
Q

What do parietal cells secrete? What is their structure?

A
  • large triangular shape
  • secrete HCl and an interinsic factor
  • may have 2 nuclei
91
Q

What do chief cells secrete? What is it a precursor of? What is their struture?

A
  • secrete pepsinogen (primary precursor of pepsin)
91
Q

How is pepsin created?

A

pepsinogen + HCl

92
Q

What is the difference between pepsin and pepsinogen?

A

pepsinogen= inactive form of pepsin (cannot function in digestion)

93
Q

What is a G-cell? What does it produce? Function?

A

produces and secretes gastrin (hormone),

  • maturation of entire fundal growth
  • stimulation of gastrin –> formation of more gastric pits –> more effective digestive process
  • cause chief cells to produce more pepsinogen
  • impacts the mobility and contractions of muscles within the digestive tract (impacts peristaltic movements and stomach contractions)
94
Q

What allows the stomach to be part of the endocrine system?

A

the presence and secretion of the hormone GASTRIN by G-cells.

95
Q

What cells can be found within a gastric pit?

A
  • surface mucous cells
  • mucous neck cells
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • G-cells
  • stem cells
96
Q

What lies beneath gastric glands in the stomach?

A

STARTUM COMPACTUM:
- layer of dense connective tissue

97
Q

What is stratum compactum?

A
  • layer of dense connective tissue
  • beneath gastric glands
  • CARNIVORES
98
Q

What is special about the stomach of a horse? What is its name? What is it lined by?

A

Large non-glandular region between the esophagus and glandular stomach.
- demarced from the glandular stomach by the MARGO PLICATUS junction
- lined by heavily keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

99
Q

What is special about the stomach of a dog?

A

STRATUM COMPACTUM (layer of dense connective tissue beneath gastric glands)

100
Q

What is special about the stomach of a pig?

A

small non-glandular region

pigseat a lot, so they need a large glandular stomach

101
Q

What is not typically found in the digestive system? Where is it found as an exception?

A

dense connective tissue
- found in the stratum compactum in carnivores

102
Q

State the main features of the stomach (simple).

A
  • lined by simple columnar epithelium
  • inner surface has gastric pits
  • simple tubular glands in gastric pits (secreting acids and enzymes)
  • muscle layer beneath glands (3 layers: oblique, circular and longitudinal)
  • serosa (final layer)
103
Q

What can be found in gastric pits?

A

simple tubular glands

104
Q

What is the name of the fore stomach of ruminants?

A

Rumen

105
Q

What is the rumen lined by? Into what structures does it continue?

A
  • keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • continues into the reticulum and omasum
106
Q

What are pillars of the rumen?

A

Large forlds of the tunica mucosa which contain smooth muscle from the tunica muscularis.

107
Q

What is the name of the large forlds of the tunica mucosa which contain smooth muscle from the tunica muscularis.

A

pillars

108
Q

Explain the surface of pillars.

A

smooth

109
Q

What is the name of conical projections of the mucosa?

A

papillae

110
Q

What do the papillae cover?

A
  • the rest of the inner surface of the rumen
111
Q

What is the core of a ruminal papilla made of? What does it lack?

A
  • contains connective tissue
  • lacks a lamina muscularis
112
Q

Explain the structure of the reticulum. Distinctive features?

A
  • mucosal folds form honeycomb like chambers
  • reticular crests
  • reticular papillae (crests and floor of chambers)

distinctive features:
- larger
- lamina muscularis in mucosa
- lamina muscularis is isolated (doesnt continue, no juctions

113
Q

What can be found on the crests and the floor of the chambers of the reticulum?

A

Reticular papillae

114
Q

How is the lamina muscularis organized within the crests? (reticulum)

A

isolated patches of smooth muscle (tips of folds)

115
Q

Expain the structure of the omasum.

A

Tunica mucosa of the omasum forms long omasal laminae which extends into the lumen

116
Q

What extends into the core of the laminae to what?

A

lamina muscularis and tunica muscularis extend into the core of the laminae to form 3 laters of smooth muscle.
- not isolated! all muscles are connected!

117
Q

Where are the papillae present in the omasum?

A
  • on the surface of the laminae
  • between laminae
118
Q

How to distinguish between omasum and reticulum?

A

check if the muscles are isolated or connected.
omasum= connected
reticulum= isolated

Histology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions