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Histology > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the male reproductive system include?

A
  • testis,
  • epididymis,
  • ductus deferens,
  • accessory glands.
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2
Q

What is the major function of the male reproductive system?

A

produce semen, consisting of:
- spermatozoa
- androgens (testosterone (male sex hormones))
- facilitate the fertilization process (introduce spermatozoa into the female genital tract)

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3
Q

Where are the testis located?

A

contained in the scrotum

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4
Q

What is semen made up of?

A
  • spermatozoa cells
  • associated secretions
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5
Q

State the histological composition of testis.

A
  • compound tubular glands
  • thick tunica albuginea capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
  • tunica vaginalis visceral layer covering of the tunica albuginea
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6
Q

What 2 tunics are present in the testis? What are their locations?

A
  • tunica albuginea (the capsule)
  • tunica vaginalis (visceral covering of the tunica albuginea)
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7
Q

What type of glands do the testis contain?

A

compound tubular glands

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8
Q

What is the tunica albuginea made of? Why is it special?

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue (capsule)
  • much thicker than usual ‘capsule’
  • ‘albuginea’ refers to ‘alba’ the while layer (extra thick)
  • branches projecting deeper into the parenchymal organ, dividing it into lobules.
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9
Q

What is a special feature connecting the tunica albuginea with the parenchymal organ? What does this lead to?

A
  • septa of connective tissue
  • branches extending from the tunica albuginea
  • partially/completely divide the organ up into lobules
  • 200-300 individual lobules (“lobuli testis”)
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10
Q

What is present within each of the testicular lobules? What is their main function?

A

semineferous tubules: associated with sperm cell production

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11
Q

What are semineferous tubules lined with?

A

complex stratified germinal epithelium:
- spermatogenic cells
- sertoli cells

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12
Q

What do spermatogenic cells give rise to?

A

spermatozoa

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13
Q

What process occurs within the semineferous tubules?

A

spermatogenesis

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14
Q

What 2 distinct cell populations does the stratified epithelium of semineferous tubules contain? (Function?)

A
  • spermatogenic cells (directly associated with the development process of sperm cells)
  • sertoli cells (helper cells for spermatogonia (sperm cell) development)
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15
Q

Which part of the semineferous tubule contains the most primitive cell type?

A

deepest layer, adjacent to the basal lamina

least developed cells

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16
Q

What are the different names for sperm cells as they develop?

A

spermatogonial stem cell
spermatogonium
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
early spermatid
sperm

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17
Q

Explain the development of the sperm cell.

A

primordial germ cell
mitotic divisions
spermatogonial stem cell (2n)
mitotic divisions
primary spermatocyte (2n)
meiosis I
2 secondary spermatocyte (n)
meiosis II
4 early spermatid (n)
differentiation
4 sperm (n)

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18
Q

What is the location of the most advanced and structurally developed cells?

A

lumen of the semineferous tubule (towards the center)

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19
Q

Which cells are present in fewer number in the testis?

A

sertoli cells (sustentacular cells)

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20
Q

How do Sertoli cells look?

A

Nucleus:
- pale
- oval/triangular
- prominent
- occasional cleft-like infoldings

Cell:
- tall
- extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule
- boundries are indistinct in histological preperations
- lateral and apical invaginations in the cell membrane (ebrace the differenciating spermatogenic cells)

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21
Q

What part of the Sertoli cell embraces the differentiating spermatogenic cell?

A

the numerous lateral and apical invaginations of the cell membranes

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22
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

A

provide:
- nutritional requirements (from surrounding rich capillary network)
- enzymes
- growth factors
- hormones (accumulate testosterone, but don’t produce it)

can consume unneeded spermatozoa cells

form the blood-testis barrier which seperates tubules from capillaries by forming tight junctions. cause spermatogenic cells to be sealed off in a protective compartment (isolate cells from blood, ensuring immune system cells do not recognise them and launch an immune response)

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23
Q

Where are Leydig cells found? Another name?

A

Leydig cells = interstitial cells
- found near semineferoud tubules (between the tubes)

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24
Q

What cells create the blood-testis barrier?

A

sertoli cells

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25
Q

What is the function of leydig cells?

A

produce testosterone

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26
Q

How do Leydig cells look?

A
  • round/polyhedral
  • large nucleus

little distinguishing features; easy distinguishing due to location

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27
Q

What produces testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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28
Q

What happens to the number of spermatogenic and sertoli cells near the terminal segment of a
seminiferous tubule?

A
  • spermatogenic cells decrease
  • sertoli cells increase
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29
Q

What is the transitional zone? What is it lined by?

A
  • zone joining a seminiferous tubule to a
    straight tubule
  • lined by sertoli cells
30
Q

State the histological composition of the straight tubule.

A
  • lined by simple columnar / cuboidal / squamous cells
  • continuous with a network of
    anastomosing channels that form the rete testis.
31
Q

State the histological composition of the rete testis.

A
  • simple squamous / cuboidal epithelium
  • can be bistratied
    cuboidal     in the bull.
  • surrounded by the loose
    connective tissue     of the
    mediastinum testis.
32
Q

What is an oversimplification which explains what happens to the epithelium layers as they pass through all the compartments?

A

gradually decrease

33
Q

What are efferent ductules lined by?

A

simple columnar/ pseudostratified
epithelium
+ ciliated cells

34
Q

What is the location of efferent ductules?

A

lead from: rete testis
pass through: tunica albuginea
join: epididymis duct

35
Q

When does the difference occur in the epithelium linings?

A

efferent ductules!
usually pseudostratified epithelium!

36
Q

What is the duct of the epididymis?

A
  • single, narrow, slightly-coiled tube
  • eq: 70m
  • bull: 40m
  • human: 6m
  • structure varies depending on the region.
37
Q

What is the histological composition of the epididymis duct?

A
  • pseudostratfied columnar epithelium,
  • tall columnar lining cells (princuipal cells)
  • contains stereocilia (microvilia)
  • basal cells (renew the principal cell population)
  • layer of circular smooth muscle (contraction: movement of sperm from the head to the tail)
  • lumen: filled with spermatozoa cells (undergoing the final maturation step)
38
Q

What muscle enables the movement of sperm? What direction?

A
  • dunctus of epididymis
  • circular smooth muscle cells
  • duct head to the duct tail
39
Q

Where is the epididymis thickest/thinnest?

A
  • thickest: head region
  • thinnest: tail region
40
Q

What is the location of the vas deferens? Different name?

A

vas deferens = ductus deferens
- duct of the epididymis –> urethra

41
Q

What cells are present in all epitheliums?

A

basal cells: regenerate the principal cell population

42
Q

State the histological composition of the vad deferens.

A
  • lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • some cells with stereocilia (become simple columnar distally)

folded lamina propria:
- allows the duct to expand during ejaculation

smooth muscle tissue:
- minor 2 layers: inner circular and outer longitudinal
- major 3 layers: inner & outer longitudinal and middle circular layer
- contracts upon sympatic nervous system stimulation

  • outer layer – adventitia/serosa
43
Q

What are the 2 parts of the penis?

A
  • body
  • glans penis
44
Q

What do both of the penis regions contain?

A
  • penile urethra
  • erectile tissue
45
Q

What 3 major bodies does the penic contain?

A

2 corpus caverosus (additional masses of erectile tissue)
1 corpus spongiosum (+urethra in the center)

46
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum also known as?

A

corpus cavernosum of the urethra (as opposed to the corpus cavernosum of the penis)

47
Q

What is each corpus cavernosum enclosed by?

A
  • tunica albuginia (dense regular connective tissue)
  • elastic fibers

not covered entirely! covered individually!

48
Q

Explain the composition of the penis tunic.

A
  • rum & su: thick
  • eq: + smooth muscle
  • extends inward forming a network of trabeculae (b/w spongy erectile tissue)

contains cavernous spaces:
- lined by endothelium (spaces may be filled with blood)
- surrounded by various
proportions of smooth muscle
- recieve blood supply

49
Q

Where do cavernous spaces recieve their blood supply from?

A

groups of helicine arteries

50
Q

What is teh best developed part of the penis in dogs and horses? What does it contain?

A
  • glans penis (expanded, distal part of the penis)
  • contains erectile tissue (continuous with corpus sponguosum)
51
Q

What does the urethra carry?

A

both urine and semen

52
Q

What are the two parts of the urethra?

A
  • pelvic urethra
  • penile urethra
53
Q

State the composition of the pelvic urethra.

A
  • lined by transitional epithelium
  • may become stratified columnar / cuboidal distally.
54
Q

State the composition of the penile urethra. Where is it located?

A
  • location: ventral region of the penis,
    lined by a mixture of transitional, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, or simple columnar epithelium.
55
Q

What do male accessory glands include?

A
  • glands of the ampulla,
  • seminal vesicles,
  • the bulbourethral glands,
  • prostate gland.
56
Q

What are male accessory glands composed of? Histological structure?

A
  • tubular or tubuloacinar secretory units
  • often have vesicular dilations
  • pseudostratified secretory epithelium
57
Q

What does the vas deferens form near its junction with the urethea?

A

ampulla

58
Q

What is the lamina propria and submucosa of teh ampulla filled with?

A

glandular secretory units

59
Q

Where is the ampulla absent? Where is it nor well developed?

A

absent: cat
not well developed: su

60
Q

State the species differences of seminal vesicles? Different name?

A

car: absent
eq: true vesicular outpocketings in the form of
bladderlike sacs with wide central lumens into which the glands open
su, rum: compact glands with a lobulated surface

seminal vesicles = vesicular glands

61
Q

State the histological composition of seminal vesicles.

A

vesicles consist of:
- outer layer of connective tissue
- layer of smooth muscles

lumen:
- lines by psudostratified epithelium
- highly folded (giving a honeycomb appearance)

62
Q

What is a major distinctive feature of the prostate gland?

A

honeycomb appearance

63
Q

Where are bulbourethral glands present? Other name? What do they secrete?

A
  • secrete mucous
  • bulbourethral glands = cowper’s glands
  • all domestic animals exept dogs!
64
Q

State the histological composition of bulbourethral glands.

A
  • columnar pseudostratified epithelium
  • tall cells
  • pale cells
  • possess basally displaced nuclei
65
Q

What is a distinctive feature of bulbourethral glands?

A
  • large cells
  • tall cell
  • pale cells
66
Q

Where does the bulbourethral gland secrete its secrete? When? What is the function?

A
  • where: amnial urethra
  • time: just before ejaculation
  • function: lubricate the urethra.
67
Q

What type of gland is the prostate gland?

A

seromucous gland - exception dog: entirely serous.

68
Q

State the histological composition of the prostate gland.

A
  • partially/completely surrounds the pelvic urethra
  • encapsulated
  • large trabeculae (from the capsule)
  • lobulated (around 50 glands)

secretory tubules, alveoli, and intraglandular ducts:
- lined by a simple cuboidal/columnar or pseudostratified epithelium
- occasional basal cells.

  • simple epithelium –> stratified columnar / transitional
    epithelium (duct terminal portions)
69
Q

What is the major source of energy for spermatozoa cells? Where is most of it located?

A

fructose!
present in viscous fluid (secreted by seminal vesicles)

70
Q

How rich is the seminal fluid in the fructose secrete?

A

can reach up to 85% of the total fluid

71
Q

What is the largest, most important male accessory gland?

A

prostate gland

72
Q

What is a distinctive feature of the protate gland?

A
  • highly folded inner surface and end parts
  • muscle cells present in stroma (around gland end part)
  • secretory unita are surrounded by fibro-muscular stroma (fibro-connetive tissue, muscular-muscle) which contracts to enable ejaculation

Histology (20 decks)

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