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Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the surface of the external nose covered by?

A

keratinized stratified squamjous epithelium

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2
Q

What is present in varying amounts in the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of a dog’s nose?

A

pigment

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3
Q

What is the shape of a nose determined by?

A

internal hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

What 2 parts can the respiratory system be subdivided into?

A

conductive part and respiratory part

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5
Q

What does the ‘conductive’ part of the respiratory system include?

A

all tubular organs in the tespiratory system:
- nose
- oropharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- primary bronchi

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6
Q

What is the function of the ‘conductive’ part of the respiratory system?

A

air way passage
- air is simply being let through to reach its final destination

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7
Q

What does the ‘respiratory’ part of the respiratory system include?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveoli of the lungs
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8
Q

What is the function of the ‘respiratory’ part of the respiratory system?

A

most important function: GAS EXCHANGE!

carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange

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9
Q

State the composition of the external nose. Core? Covering? Distinctive feature?

A

core: hyaline cartilage
covering: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
distinctive feature: thicker than skin –> grooves form

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10
Q

What is a nasal cavity?

A

a paired chamber seperated by a bony and cartilaginous septum

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11
Q

What is a nasal vestibule?

A

A dilated space of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils.

lined by skin

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12
Q

What is the nasal vestibule lined by?

A

skin

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13
Q

What region is the largest part of the nasal cavities? What is it lined by?

A

Respiratory region!!
- inferior 2/3
- lined by respiratory mucosa

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14
Q

What region is the smaller part of the nasal cavities? What is it lined by?

A

Olfactory region!
- upper 1/3
- lined by specialized olfactory mucosa

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15
Q

What 3 parts is the nasal cavity divided into?

A
  • nasal vestibule
  • respiratory region
  • olfactory region
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16
Q

What is the olfactory region known for?

A
  • sensory function
  • specific cells helping smell sensing
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17
Q

State the general function of the nasal vestibule.

A
  • forms a part of the external nose
  • communicated anteriorly with the external environment
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18
Q

State the composition (histological level) of the nasal vestibule.

A
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelium (a continuation of the skin of the face)
  • contains a variable number of vibrissae (entrap large particulate matter before it is carried in the air stream to the rest of the cavity)
  • contains sebaceous glands (secretions assist the entrappment of particulate matter)
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19
Q

State the histological composition of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity.

A
  • lined by respiratory mucosa containing a ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium on its surface

pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the respiratory mucosa is composed of 5 cells:
- ciliated cells (tall columnar cells with cilia that project into the mucous covering the surface of the epithelium)
- goblet cells (synthesize and secrete mucous)
- brush cells (cells bearing short, blunt microvilli)
- basal cells (stem cells)

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20
Q

What 4 types of cells does the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the respiratory mucosa consist of?

A
  • ciliated cells (tall columnar cells with cilia that project into the mucous covering the surface of the epithelium)
  • goblet cells (synthesize and secrete mucous)
  • brush cells (cells bearing short, blunt microvilli)
  • basal cells (stem cells)
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21
Q

What are ciliated cells?

A

tall columnar cells with cilia which projects into the mucous covering the surface of the epithelium

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22
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

cells synthesizing and secreting mucous

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23
Q

What are brush cells?

A

cells bearing short, blunt, microvilli
- carry the trapped mucous particle towards the outside of the organism

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24
Q

What are basal cells?

A

stem cells from which the other types of cells arise
- integrated with the basal lamina

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25
Q

What type of epithelium is the respiratory mucosa covered by?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium!
- simple not stratified! (all cells reach the basememnt membrane)

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26
Q

Why is mucous needed in the respiratory tract?

A

protect epithelial cells from infection by trapping small particles (pathogens, bacteria etc.)

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27
Q

What glands are present in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity? What secretions do they have? What is their function?

A

submucosal glands
- based on mucous or serous secretions
- humidifies air in the respiratory system

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28
Q

What network is present in the respiratory region? Where is it present? What is its function?

A
  • rich network of blood vessels
  • present in the underlying connective tissue
  • necessary to warm the air entering the respiratory tract (equalizes body temperature with air temperature)
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29
Q

What is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity lined by?

A

specialized olfactory mucosa

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30
Q

What is the olfactory mucosa distinguished by?

A
  • slight yellowish brown colour caused by the pigment in the olfactory epithelium and the associated olfactory glands
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31
Q

How does the total surface of olfactory mucosa compare between species?

A

Humans- 10 cm2
Dogs- 150 cm2
depending on the extent of the sense of smell: more extensive olfactory mucosa = acute sense of smell

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32
Q

What cells is the olfactory epithelium composed of?

A
  • olfactory receptor cells (bipolar olfactory neurons that span the thickness of the epithelium and enters the central nervous system)
  • supporting/sustentacular cells (columnar cells, similar to neuroglia cells, providing mechanical and metabolic support to the olfactory receptor cells) (synthesise and decrete odor-binding proteins)
  • basal cells (stem cells)
  • brush cells (cells bearing short, blunt microvilli)
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33
Q

What are olfactory receptor cells?

A
  • bipolar olfactory neurons
  • span the thickness of the epithelium
  • enter the central nervous system
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34
Q

What are supporting cells? What is their other name? How do they look? What is their function? What do they secrete?

A

supporting cells = sustentacular cells
- columnar cells
- similar to neuroglia cells
- provide mechanical and metabolic support to the olfactory receptor cells
- synthesise and secrete odorant-binding proteins

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35
Q

What 4 types of cells are present in the olfactory epithelium?

A
  • olfactory receptor cells
  • supporting/sustentacular cells
  • basal cells
  • brush cells
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36
Q

What type of cells exist both in respiratory and olfactory epithelium?

A
  • basal cells
  • brush cells
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37
Q

What is the pharynx?

A
  • connects the nasal cavity and oral cavity to the larynx and esophagus,
  • passageway for air and food
  • resonating chamber for speech
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38
Q

What lines the pharynx? What is present beneath?

A
  • respiratory epithelium
  • beneath: diffuse and aggregated lymphatic tissue
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39
Q

What are the different parts of the pharynx? What are they lined by?

A
  • oropharynx= respiratory epithelium (same as nose)
  • part associated with the digestive system
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40
Q

What is the larynx?

A
  • connects the pharynx to the trachea
  • contains vocal chords
41
Q

What lines the larynx?

A

respiratory epithelium

42
Q

State the histological composition of the larynx.

A
  • respiratory epithelium (before reaching the trachea)
  • lymphatic tissue (between epithelium and cartilage)
  • elastic cartilage (forming the epiglottis and corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage)
43
Q

What are vocal folds? What do they produce? How?

A
  • control the air flow through the larynx
  • vibrate to produce sound
44
Q

State the histological composition of vocal chords.

A

luminal surface is covered with stratified squamous epithelium

  • more resistant to mechanical stress
  • thicker
  • protects vocal apparatus from being damaged
45
Q

What is the epiglottis covered by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

46
Q

What is the function of the stratified squamous epithelium which covers the epiglottis and vocal chords?

A

Protects mucosa from abrasions caused by the rapidly moving air stream.

47
Q

What is present beneath the epithelium in the entire respiratory system?

A

lymphoid nodules containing many lymphocytes:
- start immune response when infected
- protection

48
Q

What is the wall of the trachea composed of?

A

1) Mucosa:
- ciliated pseudostratified epithelium,
- elastic, fiber-rich lamina propria

2) Submucosa:
- dense connective tissue (denser than lamina propria)
- elastic fibers
- seromucous glands (humidifying air)
- rich network of blood vessels (warms air)

3) Cartilaginous layer:
- C-shaped hyaline cartilages

4) Adventitia:
- connective tissue
- binds trachea to adjacent structures

49
Q

What is the mucosa of the trachea composed of?

A
  • ciliated, pseudostratified epithelium
  • elastic, fiber-rich lamina propria
50
Q

What is the submucosa of the trachea composed of?

A
  • dense connective tisse (Denser than the lamina propria within the mucosa)
  • elastic fibers
  • mixed serous-mucous glands (humidifying the inhaled air)
  • rich network of blood vessels (warms air)
51
Q

What is the cartilaginous layer of the trachea composed of? What are their functions? What closes the rings off?

A
  • C-shaped hyaline cartilages
  • ensures that the trachea remains open while allowing for elasticity of the passage way
  • C-shape is closed by muscle cells
52
Q

What is the adventitia of the trachea composed of? What is its function?

A

loose connective tissue which binds the trachea to adjacent structures

53
Q

What is the specific role of the elastic fibers in the lamina propria of the tracheal mucosa?

A

inspiration and expiration function (gives teh structure elastic properties)

54
Q

What is the most distinctive feature of the trachea?

A

hyaline cartilage
- most species occurs as C or U shaped
- dorsal free ends of the cartilages are bridged by the trachealis muscle (A band of smooth muscle)
- some species it is fused to form a continuum

one layer has 2 structures/tissues (cartilage and msucle)

55
Q

State the composition of the trachealis muscle.

A

band of smooth muscle

56
Q

On entering the hilium of the lung, what does each main bronchus divide into?

A

lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi)

57
Q

What are lobar bronchi divided into?

A

lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi) –> bronchi segments (tertiary bronchi)

58
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments subdivided into? What are those supplied by?

A

subdivided into pulmonary lobules
- each lobule is supplied by a bronchiole

59
Q

What partially seperates adjacent lobules? How may it be represented?

A
  • delicate connective tissue septa
  • represented on the lung sirface as a faintly outlined polygonal area
60
Q

What makes up the lobules?

A

pulmonary acini (smaller units of structure)

61
Q

What is the last component of the conductive portion of the lung?

A

terminal bronchiole

62
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of the pulmonary bronchiole? What does it consist of?

A
  • respiratory bronchiolar unit
  • consists of a single respiratory bronchiole and the alveoli
63
Q

What portions are present in the entire bronchi system?

A

respiratory and conductive portions

64
Q

What does the functional part of the lung include? What is it called?

A

respiratory bronchiolar units
- consist of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

65
Q

What lines the bronchioles?

A

larger diameter bronchioles:
- ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

smaller diameter bronchioles:
- ciliated, simple columnar epithelium
- simple cuboidal epithelium

66
Q

State the overview of the structures present in the conducting respiratory system.

A
  • epithelium
  • goblet cells
  • ciliated cells
  • glands
  • hyaline cartilage
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibers
67
Q

State the overview of the structures present in the respiratory respiratory system.

A
  • epithelium
  • ciliated cells
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibers
68
Q

What does not dramatically change between the conducting and respiratory parts of the respiratory system? Why?

A

elastic fibers
- lung changes all the time, it must have elastic properties to facilitate the movement of air and pressure changes

69
Q

How can bronchi be identified?

A
  • cartilage plates
  • circular layer of smooth muscle
70
Q

Why can the wall of the bronchus be regarded as having 5 layers?

A

the smooth muscle forms a seperate layer called a muscularis

71
Q

What are the 5 layers of the wall of the bronchus?

A

1) Mucosa:
- pseudostratified epithelium (same cellular composition as the trachea) (height of cells decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter)

2) Muscularis:
- smooth muscle layer (large bronchi = continuous ; small bronchi = discontinuous (due to spiral course and loose arrangement)

3) Submucosa:
- loose connective tissue
- glands
- adipose tissue (larger bronchi)

4) Cartilage layer:
- discontinuous cartilage plates (become smaller as the bronchial diameter decreases)

5) Adventitia:
- dense connective tissue (continuous with adjacent structures: pulmonary artery, lung parenchyma)

72
Q

What is the muscularis layer composed of in the bronchioles? Why, in teh bronchioles, to we mention it as being a whole new layer (and not part of mucosa)?

A

Muscularis:
- smooth muscle layer (large bronchi = continuous ; small bronchi = discontinuous (due to spiral course and loose arrangement)
- much thicker than usual, therefore referred to as a full layer

73
Q

What is the function of the muscular layer of the bronchiles?

A

Contracts for the expiration phase to help the expulsion of air from the lungs.

74
Q

How does the cartilage layer of the bronchioles compare to that of the trachea?

A

trachea: C or U shaped (from 1 full ring to an increasing amount of small fragments)
bronchiole: cartilage plates (not full ring, only fragments present)

75
Q

What are bronchioles?

A
  • smaller types of bronchi
  • air conducting ducts that measure <1mm
76
Q

What do brinchioles give rise to?

A

smaller terminal bronchioles

77
Q

What do smaller terminal bronchioles give rise to?

A

respiratory bronchioles

78
Q

What is not present in bronchioles?

A

cartilage plates!!!
glands!!!

79
Q

What are the characteristic features of clara cells?

A
  • non-ciliated cells
  • characteristic rounded or dome shaped apical surface projection
80
Q

What is the function of clara cells?

A
  • secrete a surface-active agent = lipoprotein
  • lipoprotein= surface active agent= prevents the luminal adhesion during expiration (in case the lung collapses, for the opposite walls not to stick to each other)
81
Q

What structure is present in bronchioles? What is their function?

A

smooth muscles!
- regulates size of bronchiole lumen

82
Q

What is asthma heavily related to?

A
  • bronchioles
  • smooth muscle cells regulating bronchiole lumen
83
Q

When does an asthma attack occur?

A

when bronchiles collapse (fully close furing expiration)

84
Q

What cells are present in bronchioles? What do they replace?

A

Clara cells
- replace seromucous glands

85
Q

What is the alveolar epithelium composed of which playes a defensive and protective role?

A

several specialized cells:
- type I alveolar cells
- type II alveolar cells

86
Q

State the characteristic features of type I alveolar cells.

A
  • also known as type I pneumocytes
  • extremely thin squamous cells
  • comprise 40% of the entire alveolar lining
  • line 95% of the surface of the alveoli
87
Q

What cells line most of the surface of the alveoli?

A

type I pneumocytes

88
Q

State the characteristic features of type II alveolar cells.

A
  • also known as type II pneumocytes or septal cells
  • secretory cells
  • cuboidal cells
  • account for 60% of alveolar lining cells
  • cover about 5% of the alveolar air surface
  • rich in phospholipids, neural lipids, and proteins which are secreted by exocytosis to form an alveolar lining, surface-active agent called surfacant.
89
Q

What is the location of type II alveolar cells?

A
  • interspersed among type I cells
  • tend to congregate at septal junctions
90
Q

What is the function of type II alveolar cells?

A
  • secrete an alveolar lining,* surface-active agent* called surfacant
  • rich in phospholipids, neural lipids, and proteins
  • secrete by EXOCYTOSIS
91
Q

What is teh function of surfacant?

A
  • decreases alveolar surface tension
  • actively paricipates in the clearance of foreign materials
92
Q

Fact: At what time does surfacant play a crucial role of opening alveoli?

A

upon birth!!

93
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages? Where are they present? What is their other name?

A

location:
- connective tissue of the septum
- air spaces of the alveolus

function:
- scavenge the surface of air spaces to remove inhaled particulate matter (dust/pollen)
- act as part of the immune system (antigen rpesenting cells
- activate an immune response

name:
dust cells

94
Q

What inhaled substances can be phagocytized by microphages?

A

inorganic substances (eg. silicone)

95
Q

Under a microscope, why do some alveolar macrophages appear as having a darker colour?

A
  • filled with inorganic matter (ie. silicone)
  • clearing lungs of inhaled particulate matter
  • the more dark spots there are, the less functional the lungs are
96
Q

What does the ‘air-blood barrier’ refer to?

A

The cells and cell products across which gases must diffuse between the alveolar and capillary compartments.

97
Q

What is the thinnest air-blood barrier? What does it consist of?

A
  • thin layer of surfacant
  • type I epithelial cell
  • basal lamina (type I epithelial cell)
  • capillary endothelial cell
  • basal lamina (of capillary endothelial cell)

(usually the basal lamina’s (basement membranes) are fused –> makes the structure thinner –> produces a narrow gap through which gas exchange occurs)

–> 4 LAYERS

98
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

in the narrow gap between the fused basal laminas (basement membranes)

of the capillary endothelial cell and the type I epithelial cell

Histology (20 decks)

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