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Histology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS composed of? Where are these located?

A
  • brain (cranial cavity)
  • spinal chord (vertebral canal)
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2
Q

What protects the skull and vertebra? What is it called? How many layers is it composed of?

A

MENINGES:
- 3 connective tissue membranes

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3
Q

What does the brain and spinal chord ‘float’ in? Where is it located?

A

cerebrospinal fluid
- occupies the space between the two inner meningeal layers

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4
Q

What is the brain further subdivided into?

A

cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem (connects to the spinal chord)

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5
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum? Where is it located?

A
  • back of head
  • movement and balance
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6
Q

What is the ‘gray matter’ of the brain? What does it include? What is its function?

A

Gray matter=cerebral cortex (outside)
- forms the outermost layer of the brain
- form “nuclei” found in deep portions of the cerebrum and cerebellum
- consists of: nerve cell bodies, axons, dendrites, central glial cells
- site of synapses

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7
Q

What is the brain made up of?

A
  • neurons
  • high concentration
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8
Q

What causes the colour of the brain to differ (white vs gray matter)?

A
  • made up of the same thing
  • different parts of neurons
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9
Q

What makes the gray matter darker?

A
  • high concentrations of the body’s of neurons
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10
Q

What makes the gray matter darker?

A

high concentration of neuron processes (dendrites and axons)

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11
Q

What types of cell bodies are found in the gray matter of the brain? What is the collective name for the cell bodies?

A
  • characteristic variety of cell bodies
    NEUROPIL
  • meshwork of axonal, dendritic and glial processes
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12
Q

State the composition of white matter.

A
  • axons of nerve cells (fresh=white)
  • associated glial cells and blood vessels

(axons of nerve cells are traveling from one part of the NS to another)

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13
Q

What is the name of the functionally related bundles to which axons are going to or coming from?

A

tracts

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14
Q

Do tracts stand out as delinated bundles?

A

no!

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15
Q

What is located in both white and gray matter?

A

supportive glial cells

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16
Q

What is an additional structure located in white matter?

A

tracts

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17
Q

Can tracts be seen? How are they formed?

A

no!
- mostrly hypothetical
- do not have any distinct feautures
- form due to memorization (same action repeated many times)

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18
Q

How many layers is the cerebral cortex divided into?

A

6 layers

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19
Q

What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

1) molecular layer
2) external granular layer
3) external pytamidal layer
4) internal granular layer
5) internal pyramidal layer
6) fusiform (multiform) layer

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20
Q

State the composition of the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex.

A
  • neutropil-oriented tangentially
  • apical dendrites from pyramidal cells
  • terminal branches of superficial cortical afferent fibers

neuropil= no neuron bodies, only their processes

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21
Q

State the composition of the external granular layer of the cerebral cortex.

A
  • SMALL neurons that serve as interneurons (SMALL %)

granular= small neurons (SMALL %)
interneurons= connects molecular&deep

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22
Q

State the composition of the external pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex.

A
  • small and medium pyramidal neurons
  • send axons to adjacent cerebral cortex

pyramidal shape,

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23
Q

State the composition of the internal granular layer of the cerebral cortex.

A
  • small stellate neurons
  • recieve specific sensory input
  • thick layer in sensory areas of the cortex (eg. primary visual area)
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24
Q

State the composition of the internal pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex.

A
  • medium to large pyramidal neurons
  • send axons to the white matter
  • thick layer in the motor area of the cortex

LARGER pyramids

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25
Q

State the composition of the fusiform (multiform) layer of the cerebral cortex.

A
  • many spindle shaped neurons
  • send axons into the white matter
  • deep to this layer, the cerebral white matter is composed of nerve fibers going to and coming from the cortex.

SPINDLE SHAPED

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26
Q

How many layers is the cerebellar cortex divided into?

A

3 layers

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27
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

1) molecular layer
2) granule cell layer
3) piriform cell layer (purkinje cell layer)

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28
Q

State the composition of the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex.

A
  • neuropil
  • only nerve processes (no neurons)
  • most superficial
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29
Q

State the composition of the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex.

A
  • adjacent to the white matter
  • DENSELY packed granule cells (SMALL NEURONS)
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30
Q

How does the graular cell layer of the cerebellum compare with the cerebrum?

A

cerebellum= densely packaged= 5x more neurons

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31
Q

State the composition of the piriform cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. What is its other name? Where is it located?

A

piriform layer= purkinje cell layer
- single layer of LARGE cell bodies
- located at the interface of the molecular and granule cell layers

very small SINGLE layer but BIG cells

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32
Q

How many layers is the brain stem divided into?

A
  • NOT clearly seperated into regions of gray and white matter
33
Q

What is visible throughout the structure of the brain stem?

A

Nuclei of cranial nerves:
- appear in islands
- surrounded by distinct tracts of white matter

34
Q

State the composition of the nuclei of the brain stem.

A
  • contain cell bodies of motor neurons (of cranial nerves)
  • morphologic and functional counterparts of the anterior horns of the spinal chord
35
Q

How are neurons oriented in the lower part of the brain stem?

A

white matter is oriented:
- transversely
- longitudinally

and is intermixed with gray matter with faintly prominent neurons.

36
Q

Why is the spinal chord important?

A

nerves go through the spinal chord
- protects nerves
- provides a distinct tract

37
Q

What is the spinal chord?

A

a flattened cylindrical structure that is directly continuous with the brain stem

38
Q

State the organization of the spinal chord.

A
  • divided into segments
  • segments are connected to pairs of spinal nerves
  • spinal nerves are connected to its segment of the cord by a number of rootlets grouped as dorsal (posterior) or ventral (anterior) roots.
39
Q

What are ganglions?

A
  • part of PNS
  • bodies of neurons are concenrated in this area
40
Q

Where are body neurons concentrated?

A
  • CNS: gray matter
  • PNS: ganglions
41
Q

Explain the visual anatomy of the spinal chord.

A
  • opposite arrangement of gray and white matter: gray interior, white exterior
  • the gray-matter surrounds the central canal
  • the white matter surrounds the gray matter (peripheral substance)
42
Q

What does the white matter of the spinal chord contain?

A

tracks of myelinated and unmyelinated axons traveling:
- to and from other parts of the spinal chord
- to and from the brain

43
Q

What does the gray matter of the spinal chord contain?

A
  • neuronal cell bodies
  • neuronal cell dendrites
  • neuronal cell axons
  • central neuroglia
44
Q

What are “nuclei”?

A

Functionally related groups of nerve cell bodies in the gray matter.

  • nucleus= cluster/group of neuronal cell bodies, fibers and neuroglia
45
Q

Compare the nuclei of the CNS and PNS.

A

nuclei of the CNS are the morphologic and functional equivalents of the ganglia of the PNS.

46
Q

What only occurs in the gray matter of the spinal chord?

A

synapses

47
Q

What is the major difference between the gray matter in the brain and spinal chord?

A

Spinal chord doesn’t have layers like the molecular, pyramidal or granular layers found in the brain.

48
Q

How is the spinal cord divided into layers? What are they?

A

anatomically divided into sections:
- dorsal horn
- intermediate gray
- ventral horn

49
Q

Where are sensory neuron cell bodies located in the spinal nerve?

A

In GANGLIA which lie on the dorsal root of the spinal nerve.

50
Q

State the polarity of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia.

A

pseudounipolar

51
Q

Explain the polarity of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia.

A

psudounipolar:
- single process
- divides into a peripheral segment (brings information from the periphery to the cell body)
- divides into a central segment (brings information from the cell body to the gray matter of the spinal chord)

52
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons that innerviate striated muscles located?

A

In the ventral (anterior) horn of the gray matter.

53
Q

What are ventral motor neurons? Other name?

A
  • ventral motor neurons = anterior horn cells
  • large, basophyllic cells
  • easily reorganized in routine histologic preparations
54
Q

Do motor neurons have direct connection to sensory nerves?

A

no!
- no direct connection
- connected by interneurons (bipolar neurons- 1 axon, 1 dentrite)

55
Q

What connective tissue is present in the CNS?

A

Meninges: connective tissue membranes covering the brain and spinal chord
- dura mater (outermost)
- arachnoid (middle)
- pia mater (directly on the surface if the brain and spinal chord)

56
Q

What two layers have a very similar developmental patter? What is it? What does this lead to?

A
  • arachnoid and pia mater
  • called by 1 name: pia-arachnoid
  • single layer of mesenchyme surrounding the developing brain
57
Q

State the portions in adults of which the pia mater and arachnoid occupy.

A

pia mater: visceral portion
arachnoid: parietal portion

58
Q

What is the location of the arachnoid? What structures does it have?

A
  • abuts on the inner surface of the dura mater
  • extends delicate arachnoid tubercules to the pia mater (on the surface of teh brain and spinal chord)
59
Q

What name do the web-like trabeculae of the arachnoid give this layer?

A

Gr. resembling a spider’s web

‘arachnoid’ structure= ‘spider-web looking’ structure

60
Q

What are the arachnoid trabeculae composed of?

A
  • loose connective tissue fibers
  • containing elongated fibroblasts
61
Q

What do the arachnoid trabeculae create? What is its name? What is it filled with?

A
  • subarachnoid space (spaced bridge)
  • contains: cerebrospinal fluid
62
Q

What is the location of the pia mater?

A

lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal chord

63
Q

What is the composition of the pia mater? What is it continuous with?

A

connective tissue layer
- continuous with the perivascular connective tissue sheath of blood vessels of the brain and spinal chord

64
Q

What are the surfaces of the pia mater and the arachnoid covered with? Which parts?

A
  • arachnoid (both surfaces)
  • pia matter (inner surface)
  • trabeculae
    covered with thin squamous epithelial layer.
65
Q

What happens to the arachnoid and pia mater as they exit the dura mater? Where does this occur?

A
  • the arachnoid and pia mater fuse
  • fuse around the opening for the cranial and spinal nerves
66
Q

State the differences in thickness between the 3 meninges.

A

dura mater: thickest
pia mater: thinnest
arachnoid: thin however filled with cerebrospinal fluid making it look large

67
Q

What 3 spaces exist between the membranes?

A
  • epidural space
  • subdural space
  • subarachnoid space
68
Q

Where is the epidural space located? What does it include? What is its function?

A
  • area between the dura mater and the vertebral wall
  • contains fat and small blood vessels
  • protection from temperature changes and physical impacts (ammortisation)

large

69
Q

Where is the subdural space located?

A
  • opened seperation between the arachnoid and dura mater
  • doesn’t really exist: arachnoid and dura mater are attached very tightly
  • space can become larger due to physcial trauma
70
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

A
  • interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

largest space

71
Q

What is the largest and smallest space bewteen the membranes?

A

largest: subarachnoid space
smallest: subdural space

72
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A
  • peripheral nerves with specialized nerve endings
  • ganglia containing nerve cell bodies (residing outside the CNS)
73
Q

What are the nerves of the PNS made up of? What are their functions?

A
  • made up of many nerve fibers
  • carry sensory and motor (effector) information between the organs and tissues of the body and spinal chord
74
Q

Where can the cell bodies of peripheral nerves be located?

A
  • within the CNS
  • outside the CNS in peripheral ganglia
75
Q

What do ganglia contain?

A
  • clusters of neuronal cell bodies
  • nerve fibers leading to and from cell bodies
76
Q

What cell bodies belong to sensory neurons?

A
  • dorsal root ganglia cell bodies
  • ganglia of cranial nerves
  • sensory neurons (somatic afferents and visceral afferents) = autonomic nervous system
77
Q

What cell bodies belong to the postsynaptic (motor) neurons?

A
  • paravertebral ganglia cell bodies
  • prevertebral ganglia cell bodies
  • terminal ganglia cell bodies
  • motor neurons (visceral efferents)= autonomic nervous system
78
Q

What is the ganglion? What is it made up of?

A
  • additional small organ
  • covered by other organs with a irregular connective tissue capsule
  • contains fibers (processes of neurons)
  • covered by structures such as myelin
79
Q

What are the round structures in the ganglion?

A

bodies of pseudounipolar neurons

Histology (20 decks)

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