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Bio 2 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

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1
Q

How much blood does the kidneys receive

A

25% of cardiac output

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2
Q

What is the function of the kidneys

A

Filters blood and returns water and solutes to bloodstream

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3
Q

What is the urinary system made up of

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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4
Q

Explain the path of urine from kidneys to out of the body

A
  1. urine is excreted by the kidneys through its ureter
  2. Its stored in the urinary bladder
  3. When the bladder is full, urine is expelled through the body by travelling through the urethra
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5
Q

What are the main functions of the kidneys other than making urine

A
  1. Regulate BP and blood volume
  2. Regulates plasma ion concentration
  3. Stabilize blood pH
  4. Conserves valuable nutrients
  5. Helps liver detoxify poisons
  6. Gluconeogenesis
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6
Q

How do the kidneys regulate BP and blood volume

A

adjusts volume of lost water in urine and releases erythropoietin and renin

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7
Q

How do the kidneys regulate plasma ion concentration

A

Controls quantities lost in urine (sodium, potassium and chloride ions)
Activates vitamin D for the intestines in order to absorb calcium (calcium ions)

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8
Q

How do the kidneys help stabilize blood pH

A

controls the loss of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

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9
Q

How do the kidneys conserve valuable nutrients

A

prevent excretions of them and gets rid of unwanted products

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10
Q

When does gluconeogenesis occur and how do the kidneys help with that

A

During prolonged fasting
Restock glucose stores

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11
Q

True or false:
Kidneys are the only organs that restores glucose

A

False: Liver as well

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12
Q

Where are the kidneys found in the body

A

Behind the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
Found above the waist between peritoneum and posterior wall of abdomen

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13
Q

What does retroperitoneal organs mean

A

Organs that lay behind the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

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14
Q

What protects the kidneys and which one is higher

A

Left is higher, they’re protected by 11 and 12th ribs

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15
Q

What is a nephron

A

Twisted tubes found in the kidneys

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16
Q

What are the functions of nephrons

A

Removes a portion of waste products in the blood
Reabsorbs whats needed from filtrate

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17
Q

What is filtrate

A

pre-urine

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18
Q

What kind of fluid exits the nephrons

A

Urine (collection of wastes and water)

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19
Q

How many nephrons do the kidneys have

A

1 million

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20
Q

What 3 functions do the kidneys perform and explain each one

A
  1. Glomerular filtration - Forces fluids and dissolved substances from blood through membranes using pressure
  2. Tubular reabsorption - Removes useful substances and solutes from filtrate to return them back into the blood through capillaries
  3. Tubular secretion
    - Removes wastes, drugs, excess ions from blood and adds them to filtrate
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21
Q

What are the 2 parts of a nephron and what do they consist of/what do they do

A

Renal corpuscle: Initial interface between blood kidney
consists of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

Renal Tubule: begins after renal corpuscle
consists of proximal convoluted tubule, loops of Henle and distal convoluted tubule

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22
Q

What is a glomerulus

A

capillary bed for filtration

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23
Q

What enters bowman’s capsule

A

filtered substances

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24
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate

A

Its the amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys/minute

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25
Q

What causes an increase in GFR

A

substances pass too quickly through renal tubules so they don’t have enough time to be reabsorbed which are then excreted in the urine.

26
Q

What causes a decrease in GFR

A

Filtrate passes too slowly through renal tubules so almost all the filtrate gets reabsorbed including the wastes and toxins which means that they are not excreted.

27
Q

What is the affect of low BP on filtration

A

it will stop completely

28
Q

What is the affect on high BP on glomerulus

A

Becomes damaged/leaky

29
Q

Why is normal osmotic pressure in filtrate 0

A

most proteins cannot cross from blood into capsules

30
Q

What happens in regards to reabsorption in healthy kidneys

A

almost all organic nutrients are completely reabsorbed

31
Q

Where does the absorption of organic nutrients occur within the nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule (first twisty part)

32
Q

Why do we urinate 1500ml/day

A

because 99% of 180L made is returned into the blood

33
Q

What is tubular secretion

A

transfer of materials from blood into the filtrate

34
Q

What does tubular secretion help with

A

control of blood pH and elimination of certain substances

35
Q

What controls urine concentration

A

Baroreceptors in the atrium and aorta (sense BP changes)
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus (sense OP changes)

36
Q

Why do you become dehydrated when you drink alcohol

A

because it blocks the secretion of ADH which tells the kidneys to retain and release water

37
Q

Fill in the blank: consumption of alcohol causes _________ and __________

A

dilute urine and dehydration

38
Q

What happens to ADH when dehydrated

A

Posterior pituitary gland will secrete ADH to tell kidneys to retain water which causes concentrated urine

39
Q

What happens to ADH when the body is well hydrated

A

Posterior pituitary gland will secrete less ADH which makes for dilute urine

40
Q

Is this true: more ADH = less water in urine = concentrated (dark) urine

A

yes its true

41
Q

What is diabetes insipidus

A

Diabetes that involves urinating large amounts of dilute urine which does not stop even when the person is not drinking fluids. It means that the kidneys can’t make urine concentrated.

42
Q

What is Diabetes insipidus caused by

A

deficiency in ADH
insensitivity of kidneys to ADH

43
Q

How do we evaluate kidney function

A

doing urinalysis

44
Q

Name characteristics of normal urine

A

1200ml/day
clear yellow
Sterile but can pick up bacteria present in sexual organs
Slightly aromatic
Slightly acidic (pH 6)
1.001 - 1.035 specific gravity

45
Q

Name abnormal characteristics of urine

A

Glucose - sign of diabetes
Blood proteins
Formed elements (RBC,WBC, platelets).
Hemoglobin
Bile/ bilirubin
Ketone bodies
Nitrites

SIGNALS TO KIDNEY DISEASE OR OTHER PATHOLOGIES

46
Q

What does glucose in the urine mean

A

Indication of diabetes mellitus

47
Q

Why do diabetics have glucose in their urine

A

They have a lot of glucose in their blood which makes the transporters in the renal tubules saturated which makes it difficult to reabsorb all the glucose present in the filtrate

48
Q

What is another cause for excess glucose in urine

A

a high sugar diet

49
Q

True or false: The bladder expands and signals to the brain when full

A

True

50
Q

What are some differences between female and male urethra

A

male is longer and carries semen and urine while female is shorter and only carries urine

51
Q

What causes urinary retention

A

Enlarged prostate that narrows the urethra making it more difficult to urinate

52
Q

What happens to urination when pregnant

A

Pressure is placed on the urinary bladder which limits the amount of space in the bladder causing extra stretch on the walls and increases urination frequency

53
Q

What does the urethra do

A

muscular tube that transports urine from bladder out of the body

54
Q

How many sphincters does the urethra have?
What are they called?
What type of muscle are the made up of?
What are their role?

A

2
Internal and External
Internal - smooth muscle (involuntary)
External - skeletal muscle (voluntary)

55
Q

What is micturition

A

urination

56
Q

What are the steps of micturition

A
  1. Urine fills the bladder giving a sensation of fullness
  2. contraction of detrusor muscles by ANS
  3. opening of internal sphincter by ANS
  4. opening of external sphincter by somatic nervous system
57
Q

What controls micturition

A

cerebral cortex

58
Q

Why does urinary reflexive urination occur

A

neurons to sphincter muscles are not developed in children

59
Q

What is urination in infants (2-3 yrs old) called

A

Reflexive urination

60
Q

What is urinary incontinence

A

When there is an increase in abdominal pressure which causes urine to leak from bladder

61
Q

What is another word for urinary incontinence

A

stress incontinence

62
Q

What causes urinary incontinence

A

injury to nerves (weakens muscles), loss of bladder flexibility and damage to sphincter

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