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Bio 2 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is diabetes mellitus caused by

A

Deficiency of insulin or a decrease in response to insulin

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2
Q

What happens to blood glucose levels when you have diabetes mellitus

A

Increase

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3
Q

True or false: Fats and proteins are used as fuel when you have diabetes mellitus

A

True

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4
Q

What are some effects on the body due to the use of fats and proteins as fuel

A

Decrease in body weight, immune system response, blood pH (acidosis)

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5
Q

What causes a decrease in blood pH

A

Increase ketones in the blood (ketosis)

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6
Q

How many types of diabetes are there and what are they called

A

2 Types
Type I - insulin dependent/juvenile)
Type II - non insulin dependent/adult onset)

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7
Q

What is type I diabetes

A

autoimmune disorder where the immune system (T cells) destroys insulin-producing cells (pancreatic beta cells) cuasin little to no insulin being produced

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8
Q

What is type II diabetes

A

Reduce/ no response to insulin due to changed insulin receptors (insulin resistance) causing an increased amount of sugar in the blood which can start to poison the pancreas over time and makes it difficult to control blood sugar levels

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9
Q

How does the pancreas respond to type II diabetes

A

Increases the production of insulin until it overexerts itself and cannot produce sufficient amounts of insulin

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10
Q

What are some signs that a patient may have diabetes

A

Polyuria (cause dehyration)
Excessive thirst

Increased hunger
Tiredness
Deccrease in body weight

(Last 3 bc there is less available glucose to make ATP)

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11
Q

What is the average blood glucose range

A

3.8 - 5.2 mmols

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12
Q

What do beta cells of the pancreas detect and what will it release

A

hyperglycemia and will release insulin to bring blood glucose levels down

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13
Q

What do alpha cells of the pancreas detect and what will it release

A

hypoglycemia and will release glucagon to bring blood glucose levels back up

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14
Q

How does insulin work (give the pathway from start to finish)

A

Insulin attaches to an insulin receptor on the surface of the cell membrane which causes a signal cascade to stimulate glucose transporters inside the cell to enter the cell membrane. Glucose then enters the cell through glucose transporter proteins then its converted to glycogen in liver cells for later use.

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15
Q

How does glycogen work (give the pathway from start to finish)

A

Glucagon binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell membrane which causes a cascade to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver. Glucose then leaves liver cells through a glucose transporter to raise blood sugar levels for other body cells to use (specifically the brain)

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16
Q

Fill in the blank:
5 - 10% of diabetics are __________ diabetics and 90 - 95% of diabetics are ___________ diabetics

A

5 - 10 % : Type 1
90 - 95% : Type 2

17
Q

Name some differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1:
- affects younger population
- there is a genetic component
- treatment focuses on managing blood sugar levels using diet, lifestyles and insulin in the form of pens, syringes, inhalers and insulin pumps
- autoimmune disorder
- no production of insulin

Type 2:
- occurs in older population
- risks consist of obesity, lack of exercise, hypertension. and genetics
- no response to insulin

18
Q

What are some clinical symptoms of untreated diabetes

A
  • weight loss (cannot use ATP so you use fat and proteins for fuel)
  • Polyphagia (excessive eating)
  • Glucosurea (increased glucose in urine)
  • Polyurea (excessive urination)
  • Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
19
Q

How can you treat type 1 diabetes vs how do you treat type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1 - INSULIN

Type 2 - Weight loss, exercise, healthy diet and antidiabetic meds

20
Q

Name 1 antidiabetic medication

A

metformin

21
Q

What can happen if you use insulin without have eaten anything

A

Hypoglycemia

22
Q

What are some symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

weakness, shaking, hunger, loss of consciousness and seizures

23
Q

If someone is suffering from hypoglycemia, what can be used to help them

A

intranasal glucagon to raise blood sugar levels

24
Q

What are microvascular complications of diabetes

A

Eyes - damage eye blood vessels due to high BP

Kidney - damage small blood vessels and excess blood glucose overworks the kidneys

Neuropathy - damages nerves of the peripheral nervous system resulting in foot wounds, pain or numbness

25
Q

What are macrovascular complications of diabetes

A

Brain - Increase risk of stroke

Heart - Increase of coronary heart disease due to high BP

Extremities - Reduced blood flow in the legs due to narrowing of blood vessels and there will the slow to heal foot wounds

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