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Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system

A

Regulation of metabolism, growth, development, puberty, mood and tissue function

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2
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemicals that affect body cells, tissues and organs

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3
Q

True or false: Hormones secrete directly into the blood

A

True

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of glands that secrete hormones

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

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5
Q

What is the difference between and endocrine and exocrine gland

A

An exocrine gland secretes its products via a duct while an endocrine gland secretes its products directly.

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6
Q

What is hormone signaling

A

The manner in which hormones enter and affect their target cells

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7
Q

What happens to a cell that doesn’t have a receptor for a specific hormone

A

It remains unaffected

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8
Q

What is the name given to cells that do not have a specific receptor

A

Non target cells

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9
Q

Cells that have specific receptors are called ________

A

target cells

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10
Q

What are the 2 signalling mechanisms

A

1 - cell surface receptor-mediated signalling
2 - Intracellular receptor-mediated signalling

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11
Q

What is the main difference between the 2 hormone signalling mechanism

A

Cell surface receptor-mediated signalling is when the receptors are on the surface of the cell and Intracellular receptor-mediated signalling is when the receptors are inside the cell

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12
Q

What hormones are involved in cell surface receptor mediated signalling

A

Water soluble hormones (can’t pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer)

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13
Q

What hormones are involved in intracellular receptor-mediated signalling

A

Lipid soluble hormones (ones that can pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell)

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14
Q

what is the goal of cell surface receptor mediated signalling

A

Turn an extracellular chemical into an intracellular response

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15
Q

Name the 3 main stimuli that control hormone release and briefly explain what they are

A

1 - Hormonal (via tropic/others hormones)
2 - Humoral (via other non hormonal molecules)
3 - Neural (via nervous system)

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16
Q

Name the 2 feedback mechanisms that control hormone release and briefly explain what they are

A

1 - Positive (continues to secrete hormones to eventually obtain homeostasis)
2 - Negative (inhibits the secretion of hormones because there is an elevated level in blood)

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17
Q

Give an example of a hormone that uses positive feedback mechanism and one that uses negative feedback mechanism

A

positive - oxytocin
negative - estrogen, testosterone, progesterone etc…

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18
Q

What are the 9 organs that make up the endocrine system

A

1 - Hypothalamus
2 - Pituitary gland
3 - Thyroid
4 - Parathyroid
5 - Adrenal glands
6 - Pineal glands
7 - Pancreas
8 - Thymus
9 - Gonads

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19
Q

The hypothalamus is a part of which organ system(s)

A

Nervous and Endocrine

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20
Q

What are the roles of the hypothalamus in the nervous system

A

Receives information from internal and external environments and then sends signals to the medulla oblongata to modify HR, RR, vasoconstriction/dilation, digestion and sweating

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21
Q

Which nervous system does the hypothalamus control

A

autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

What are the 2 pathways hormones can take from the hypothalamus

A

1 - Transported to the posterior pituitary gland to be released by the posterior pituitary gland
2 - Target the anterior pituitary gland for it to secret hormones of its own

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23
Q

Name some hypothalamic hormones that target the ANTERIOR pituitary gland

A

Thyrid releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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24
Q

Name some hypothalamic hormones that are transported to the posterior pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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25
Q

What are oxytocin and ADH classified as

A

neurohormones

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26
Q

What are neurosecretory cells

A

Nerve cells that conduct nerve signals and release/secrete hormones

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27
Q

Where can neurosecretory cells be found

A

Hypothalamus

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28
Q

When are neuroseretory cells used

A

To make hormones that are released by the posterior pituitary gland (Oxytocin and ADH)

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29
Q

Where oes the pituitary gland sit compared to the hypothalamus

A

directly underneath

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30
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior pituitary gland

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31
Q

What is the role of the POSTERIOR pituitary gland

A

Store and secrete neurohormones made by the hypothalamus

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32
Q

True or false: The anterior pituitary gland extends directly from the hypothalamus

A

False: The posterior extends directly from the hypothalamus (Neurosecretory cells transport hormones)

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33
Q

What are the 5 things that ADH do

A

1- increase water retention (kidneys)
2- decrease urine volume
3- regulates blood osmolarity
4- Increases blood pressure

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34
Q

What inhibits ADH

A

high water levels in the body

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35
Q

What 2 things does oxytocin do

A

1 - Contract uterine muscles (uterus) during childbirth
2- Ejection of milk from mammary glands while nursing

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36
Q

Is oxytocin controlled by a positive or negative feedback

A

Positive

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37
Q

What are the hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and what does each target?

A

1 - Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (Testes and ovaries)
2 - thyroid stimulating hormone (thyroid)
3 - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenal cortex)
4 - Prolactin (mammary glands
5 - Human growth hormone (liver, bone, other tissues)

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38
Q

What does HGH do in the body

A

Stimulates cell growth and number
- Promotes bone growth before puberty
Metabolic functions:
- decrease fat mass in adults (lean figure)
- improves VO2 max
- allows maximum power output

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39
Q

What is the release of HGH sensitive to

A

Exercise

40
Q

What is the end result of someone who produces too much GH in childhood

A

Gigantism

41
Q

What is the end result of someone who produces too little GH in childhood

A

Pituitary dwarfism

42
Q

What is acromegaly

A

When there is excess GH secreted in adulthood resulting in thickening of bones (NO LENGTHENING)

43
Q

Where is the thyroid located and what does it look like

A

Butterfly shaped and lies in front of the trachea below the larynx

44
Q

What does the thyroid need to produce T3 and T4

A

iodine from food

45
Q

What hormones does the thyroid produce and what are the functions of these hormones

A

Thyroid hormone (TH) - influences metabolism

Calcitonin- calcium homeostasis by depositing calcium in bone to decrease the amount of calcium in the blood

46
Q

What are the 5 functions of the thyroid

A

1 - Increases BMR (metabolism)
2 - controls the use and the transformation of glucose and fatty acids into ATP
3 - Stimulates protein synthesis (muscle tone)
4 - stimulates the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine (BP and HR)
5 - Affects digestion, nerve function and reproduction

47
Q

What does thyroid hormone do

A

stimulates metabolism and influences development and maturation

48
Q

What happens if you have too much or too little of thyroid hormones

A

Results in metabolic disorders

49
Q

What is simple goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid due to too little production of thyroid hormone or iodine deficiency

50
Q

What is the most important hormone to control the concentration of calcium in the body

A

Parathyroid hormone

51
Q

What 3 things happens when parathyroid hormone is secreted

A

1 - Calcium is released from bone
2 - Absorption of Ca 2+ is enhance from the small intenstine
3 - Suppresses calcium loss in urine

52
Q

What 2 antagonist hormones control blood calcium

A

1 - Calcitonin
2 - Parathyroid Hormone

53
Q

What does calcitonin do

A

LOWERS blood calcium levels to and STIMULATES calcium deposit in bones and secretion by the kidneys

54
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do

A

INCREASES blood calcium levels which stimulate calcium release by bones and reabsorption by the kidneys and intestines

55
Q

If you don’t have enough calcium, what can be an end result

A

osteoporosis

56
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located

A

above the kidneys

57
Q

What is the outer portion of the adrenal glands called
What is the inner portion of the adrenal glands called

A

outer - adrenal cortex
inner - adrenal medulla

58
Q

what is the role of the adrenal medulla

A

works with the autonomic nervous system to secrete hormones involved in SHORT TERM STRESS

59
Q

What hormone(s) does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine

60
Q

True or false: Norepinephrine is only a hormone

A

False: Its a hormone and a neurotransmitter

61
Q

What are some effects caused by epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

1 - Increases HR, release of glucose, skeletal muscle readiness, glucose and oxygen supply to brain and muscles
2 - Suppresses non-vital bodily processes

62
Q

What is the delay of the endocrine system compared to the sympathetic nervous system

A

30 seconds

63
Q

What is the adrenal cortex crontrolled by

A

endocrine signals to respond to LONGTERM STRESS

64
Q

Fill in the blank:
The adrenal cortex responds to __________ stress and the adrenal medulla responds to __________ stress

A

adrenal cortex - LONG TERM
adrenal medulla - SHORT TERM

65
Q

What is the pathway to targeting the adrenal cortex

A

1 - Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone
2 - CRH triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone
3 - ACTH targets the adrenal cortex

66
Q

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

CORTICOSTEROIDS

67
Q

Name the 3 categories of corticosteroids and give 1 example of each

A

1 - Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
2 - Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
3 - Gonadocorticoids (testosterone/estrogen)

68
Q

What do glucocorticoids affect

A

glucose metabolism and immune system

69
Q

What do mineralocorticoids affect

A

salt and water balance

70
Q

True or false: gonadocorticoids are produced in large amounts by the adrenal glands

A

FALSE: they are produced in SMALL amounts by the adrenal cortex

71
Q

Where is the pineal gland located and what hormone does it secrete

A

In the brain
it secretes melatonin

72
Q

What causes an increase in melatonin and what happens when there is an increase in melatonin

A

Decrease sunlight
SLEEP

73
Q

What causes a decrease in melatonin and what happens when there is a decrease in melatonin

A

Increase sunlight
AWAKE

74
Q

True or false: level of melatonin are greater at night and less during the day

A

True

75
Q

What can too much melatonin result in

A

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

76
Q

Describe seasonal affective disorder

A

Seasonal depression
Depression is related to the amount of light present (sun)

77
Q

What is possible natural treatment to SAD

A

repeated exposure to very bright light specifically designed for people with seasonal depression

78
Q

What antagonistic hormones does the pancreas secrete

A

Insulin and glucagon

79
Q

What do insulin and glucagon try to maintain together and what are there role seperately

A

TOGETHER: maintain glucose homeostasis

INSULIN: Decreases blood sugar levels

GLUCAGON: Increases blood sugar levels

80
Q

Fill in the blank:
Glucagon is produced by _________ cells and Insulin is produced by __________ cells

A

GLUCAGON: Alpha
INSULIN: Beta

81
Q

True or false: the pancreas has an exocrine function only

A

False: it has both an endocrine and exocrine function

82
Q

What is glucose important for

A

Cellular respiration and key source for carbon to synthesize other organic compounds

83
Q

How does insulin decrease blood glucose levels

A

Stimulates uptake of glucose in muscle (stores it as glycogen for later use)
Stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver (releases into the blood when needed)
Prevents breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver

84
Q

What division stimulates the release of insulin

A

Parasympathetic division

85
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels

A

Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

86
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

Conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

87
Q

Where is the thymus gland located

A

Posterior to the sternum

88
Q

True or false: The thymus is the largest in adults

A

False: Largest in infants and children

89
Q

What does the thymus produce

A

Thymosin

90
Q

What does thymosin do

A

Matures T cells
Aids in development of the immune system

91
Q

What endocrine organs control reproductive hormones

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

92
Q

What hormone(s) controls hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

93
Q

What hormone(s) from the anterior pituitary gland control gonadal hormones

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

94
Q

What are gonads (name them) and what do they produce

A

Testes and ovaries
The produce gametes and reproductive hormones

95
Q

Name the 3 categories of steroid hormones that gonads produce and secrete and give an example of each

A

1 - Androgens (Testosterone)
2 - Estrogens (Estrogen)
3 - Progestins (Progesterone)

96
Q

Fill in the blank:
The 3 categories of gonad producing steroid hormones are found in males and females but at ____________ levels

A

Different levels

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