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Bio 2 > Lymphatic system (improved) > Flashcards

Lymphatic system (improved) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

Maintain the amount of IF fluid, return it back to the CV system, transport dietary lipids and certain organs provide site of surveillance for the immune system

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of

A

Lymphatics, Lymph, RBM and lymphatic tissue

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3
Q

What are lymphatics

A

Lymphatic capillaries, veins, trunks, ducts and vessels

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4
Q

What is lymph

A

Milky white fluid that contains WBC, fats, proteins and lipophilic molecules

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5
Q

True or false: Lymph tissue contains minimal lymphocytes

A

False: lymph tissue contains a high number of lymphocytes

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6
Q

How is RBM a part of the lymphatic system

A

It is responsible for making WBC which help defend the body

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7
Q

What is the circulation of lymph in the body

A

Lymphatic capillaries — lymphatic collecting vessels — lymph nodes — lymphatic trunks — lymphatic ducts — CV system

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8
Q

How/ where does IF become lymph

A

IF becomes lymph once it is in lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

True or false: Lymph capillaries and blood capillaries are the same

A

False: They are similar

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10
Q

What is different about lymphatic capillaries vs blood capillaries

A

They are much more permeable, they only allow lymph to enter and not back out and they are not present in teeth, bone, bone marrow and CNS

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11
Q

How come lymph cannot flow out of the capillaries

A

The endothelial cells overlap and form one way valves (towards the heart)

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12
Q

What allows for fluid to enter the capillaries and how does this happen

A

Pressure change: The change in pressure pulls on the endothelial cell causing fluid to flow in.

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13
Q

Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins but how do they differ

A

They have thinner walls with a higher number of internal valves and can connect to adjacent vessels by anastomose.

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14
Q

True or false: Regular collecting vessels travel with arteries

A

False: Deep collecting vessels travel alongside arteries while regular collecting vessels travel alongside veins (more superficial)

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15
Q

What are the name of the 2 lymphatic ducts

A

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic lymphatic duct

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16
Q

What part of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain

A

Right upper shoulder area and the right side of the head and thorax

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17
Q

Where does the thoracic duct arise from

A

Cisterna Chyli

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18
Q

What is the cisterna chyli

A

Widening/ enlargement of lymphatic vessel

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19
Q

At what junction do the ducts empty lymph into venous circulation

A

Junction of the internal and subclavian vein on either side of the body

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20
Q

How does lymph circulate if it has no pump like blood does

A

Depends on the contraction of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, respiration, arterial pulses and gravity

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21
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs

A

Red bone marrow and thymus

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22
Q

What originates in RBM

A

lymphocytes

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23
Q

What is the main function of the thymus

A

Maturation and specific programming of T cell lymphocytes

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24
Q

What happens after T cells leave the thymus

A

They circulate until they recognize their antigen and then carry out the appropriate immune response

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25
Q

What do thymic lobes contain

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

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26
Q

What does the outer cortex contain

A

Densely packed T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and epithelial cells

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27
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

Cells that help T cells become immunocompetent

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28
Q

What are epithelial cells

A

Cells that produce thymosin

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29
Q

What is thymosin

A

Protein that stimulates the production of T cells

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30
Q

What does the medulla contain

A

Fully matured T cells

31
Q

True or false: The thymus continues growing as you age

A

False: It grows to a certain extent then starts to atrophy

32
Q

True or false: The thymus is always active

A

True

33
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs and what collectively occurs in this area

A

Lymph nodes, nodules and the spleen
Immune response occurs in these areas

34
Q

Why aren’t nodules considered an organ

A

They have no connective tissue capsule

35
Q

What are lymph nodes purpose

A

Filter lymph thanks to macrophages

36
Q

True or false: Materials not filtered in the first node circulates the body and remains unfiltered

A

False: Materials not filtered in the first node will continue into the next node until completely filtered through

37
Q

Why does an external capsule extend into the node

A

The create other routes for blood vessels if one gets blocked

38
Q

True or false: Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes

A

True

39
Q

Name some areas where you can find lymph nodes

A

Axillary, Inguinal, Popliteal and Cervical

40
Q

True or false: Lymph leaving lymph nodes becomes less and less rich in lymphocytes

A

False: It becomes richer in lymphocytes since B and T cells multiply in the lymph nodes

41
Q

Why do nodes swell

A

Infection or malignant disease

42
Q

What drains the nodes

A

Antibodies produces by B cells

43
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ

A

Spleen

44
Q

What is the MAIN function of the spleen

A

Bring blood into contact with lymphocytes

45
Q

What are some other functions of the spleen

A

lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance and response, contains RBC’s and platelets and stores breakdown products of RBC’s for later use

46
Q

True or false: The spleen contains a high number of WBCs

A

False: It contains a high # of RBCs. More than WBC and platelets

47
Q

What are lymph nodules

A

small masses of tissue where lymphocytes are produced

48
Q

Where are lymph nodules located

A

Anywhere that comes into contact with the outside world: Respiratory tract, Intestines, Urinary tract etc…

49
Q

Why is MALT located in this area

A

Nodules don’t contain a capsule so they do not filter lymph or connect to vessels therefor MALT is there to protect from invaders

50
Q

What is the most simple lymphoid organ

A

Tonsils

51
Q

True or false: Lymph nodules can form germinal center

A

True

52
Q

What are germinal centers and what occurs there

A

Areas that contain a large number of immature lymphocytes. Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs in the germinal centers

53
Q

True or false: Nodules are strategically placed

A

True

54
Q

What is lymphadenopathy

A

Enlargement of lymph nodes

55
Q

What is lymphadenopathy caused by

A

Infection, lymphomas and excess materials in lymph

56
Q

What happens when tumor cells enter the capillaries

A

If not cleared by the first lymph node, they can spread to other nodes

57
Q

What is lymphedema and what is it caused by

A

Excessive swelling in one area and its caused by an obstructed lymph vessel or enlarged tumors not related to the lymphatic system

58
Q

What can be done to prevent the spread of infection in lymph nodes

A

Surgical removal of affected nodes

59
Q

What is the immune system

A

The bodys way of protecting itself from foreign invaders

60
Q

True or false: Our cells have “self” and “non self” markers

A

True

61
Q

What are “self” markers

A

Indications to not attack those cells

62
Q

What are non self markers

A

Attached to foreign invaders

63
Q

What attacks these invaders (antigens)

A

Antibodies

64
Q

What is an antigen

A

Anything capable of triggering an immune response

65
Q

What can antigens come from

A

Pathogens

66
Q

What structures recognize pathogens

A

Microbial structures and microbial toxins

67
Q

What are some non infectious materials that can be recognized as non self

A

Allergens, foreign tissues + cells, the bodys own cells

68
Q

Why is it dangerous for the body to attack its own cells

A

It could be attacking good cells

69
Q

What are the 2 categories of the immune system

A

Innate and adaptive

70
Q

Is innate specific or non specific and what does it mean

A

non specific - fights off any non self pathogen

71
Q

Is adaptive specific or non specific and what does it mean

A

Specific - fights off one specific pathogen

72
Q

What makes up the first line of defence

A

Skin, mucous membranes, secretion of skin and mucous membranes

73
Q

what makes up the second line of defence

A

phagocytic WBC, antimicrobial proteins and inflammatory response

Bio 2 (7 decks)

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