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Bio 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why does food need to be broke down into a molecular size

A

so it can be absorbed into the digestive system and used by cells

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2
Q

What are the 6 essential activities of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion - taking in food
  2. Propulsion - moving food along
  3. Mechanical digestion - movements of the GI tract that aid chemical digestion
  4. Chemical digestion - series of reactions that break down large molecules
  5. Absorption - end products from GI tract into the blood
  6. Defecation - elimination of unabsorbed remnants of food
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3
Q

What are the 2 groups of digestive organs and what do they consist of

A
  1. Alimentary canal
    digests and absorbs food
    mouth
    pharynx
    esophagus
    stomach
    small intestine
    large intestine
  2. Accessory digestive organs
    teeth
    tongue
    gallbladder
    digestive glands (salivary, liver, pancreas)
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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract

A
  1. Mucosa - protects body from invaders (immune system MALT) mucus absorbs nutrients, secretes hormones and enzymes
  2. Submucosa - connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessel
  3. Muscularis externa - peristalsis and segmentation
  4. Serosa - secretes slippery fluid
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5
Q

What is mechanical digestion and what organs does it involve

A

mastication/chewing
tongue, teeth and jaw
Breaks down food into pieces to mix with saliva and form a bolus

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6
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

done by enzymes in saliva and is secreted by accessory glands outside the mouth or in the tongue to begin the breakdown of starch and triglycerides

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7
Q

What type of tissue lines the mouth, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

epithelial tissue

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8
Q

What does the nasopharynx do

A

lines with cilia to filter particles from air

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9
Q

What does the pharynx do

A

deglutination (swallowing) with the help of saliva and the mucus that its lined by

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10
Q

What is deglutination?
What are the 2 phases?
What organs/structures does it involve?

A

Swallowing
Buccal phase and pharyngeal-esophageal phase
involves: tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus and 22 muscle groups

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11
Q

What is the buccal phase

A

tongue voluntarily pushes food to the back of the throat

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12
Q

What is the pharyngeal-esophageal phase

A

Controlled by the medulla and lower pons and it is when the soft palate is lifted to lose the nasopharynx and the larynx is lifted wile the epiglottis covers the glottis

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13
Q

What is dysphagia

A

When the glottis does not close leading to fluids or food into the trachea while eating or drinking

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14
Q

What are some symptoms to dysphagia and what can it lead to

A

coughing and choking while eating or drinking and can lead to aspiration pneumonia due to foreign substances in the lungs

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15
Q

What connects the pharynx to the stomach

A

the esophagus

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16
Q

What prevents stomach acid from going up the esophagus

A

gastroesophageal sphincters

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17
Q

What secrete mucus to aid in bolus movement and transports it to the stomach

A

esophageal glands in submucosa

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18
Q

What are the functions of the stomach

A

mixing and holding area for food
begins the digestion of proteins
continues digestion of triglycerides from mouth
converts bolus into chyme
absorbs some substances (water, drugs, alcohol)

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19
Q

What occurs when there isnt enough lining of the stomach and what are they caused by

A

Peptic/gastric ulcers cause by helicobacter pylori bacteria

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20
Q

What does the liver do

A

detoxifies blood
removes billirubin
releases bile to help breakdown fats
stores fat soluble vitamins
stores iron and copper
phagocytizes worn-out blood cells and bacteria
turns excess glucose into glycogen stores and releases glucose when needed

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21
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

scarring of the liver that impedes its function cause by alcohol abuse, cancer or viruses.

22
Q

What does cirrhosis lead to

A

inflammation (hepatitis)
edema in ankles and legs
jaundice (build up of bilirubin)
fluid collection in abdominal space (ascites)

23
Q

What produces bile and what is it

A

hepatic cells produce bile
bile is alkaline solution that contains bile salts to help fat emulsification and absorption and bilirubin formed from heme of old RBCs, lipids and electrolytes

24
Q

What is the role of bile in digestion

A

emulsification of triglycerides

25
Q

Fill in the blank: Bile is produced in the ____________ and is released and stored in the ____________

A

Liver
Gallbladder

26
Q

What is the gallbladder

A

Sac located posterior to the liver and releases and stores bile

27
Q

What are gallstones

A

bile deposits in gallbladder formed by calcium, cholesterol and bilirubin
vary in size (sat to golf ball) and can be very painful so they are removed by surgery (cholecystectomy)

28
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juice and ducts of the pancreas empty into small intestine

29
Q

What is the pancreas’s endocrine function

A

secrete insulin and glucagon

30
Q

What is pancreatic juice

A

electrolytes to convert stomach acid to be more alkaline

31
Q

What are some digestive enzymes and what to they help the digestion of

A

Proteases - protein
Amylase - carbohydrates
Lipases - Lipids
Nucleases - nucleic acid

32
Q

Name some pancreatic disorders and explain

A

pancreatitis - inflammation of the pancreas which can result in trypsin which digests pancreatic cells
pancreatic cancer - fatal and 4th most common cause of death in US
diabetes - high BS, cant make enough insulin/cant respond to it

33
Q

What are the subdivisions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

34
Q

How does digestion happen in small intenstine

A

through the surface of intestinal villi and sloughs off intestinal cells into the intestinal lumen which is when they rupture and release their stored digestive enzymes

35
Q

How does absorption occur in the small intestine

A

digestive end products from GI tracts to into blood/lymph

36
Q

True or false: chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine

A

False: mechanical digestion occurs in the small intestine

37
Q

What is segmentation

A

movement of the small intestine which mixes intestinal juices and chyme

38
Q

What is peristalsis

A

propels chyme onward through the intestinal tract

39
Q

How long does chyme remain between meals

A

3-5hrs

40
Q

What are the 4 regions of the large intestine

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

41
Q

What connects the large to the small intestine

A

Cecum

42
Q

What else is attached to the cecum

A

appendix

43
Q

What does the appendix contain

A

lymphoid nodules and functions as a lymphatic organ

44
Q

give the definition of the following
Appendicitis
Appendectomy

A
  1. Inflammation of appendix
  2. removal of appendix
45
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

Peristalsis
Secretion of mucus to lubricate feces as it becomes dry and compact

46
Q

True or false: the lover absorbs water

A

True

47
Q

What is the composition of feces

A

water, inorganic salts, sloughed off epithelial cells, bacterial decomposition, unabsorpable molecles

48
Q

What does the rectum do

A

Stops feces from being passed with gas

49
Q

How many sphincters does the anal canal have

A

2
1 involuntary (internal)
1 voluntary (external)

50
Q

What is defecation

A

using abdominal muscles to push out feces

Bio 2 (7 decks)

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