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Bio 2 > CV system (improved) > Flashcards

CV system (improved) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the CV system

A

Regulation of pH, water and body temperature
Transportation of nutrients and wastes

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2
Q

What does the CV system consist of

A

The heart, blood and blood vessels

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3
Q

What is the function of the heart

A

Keep fluid circulating in the body and maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

How does the heart maintain homeostasis (3)

A

Regulating body temperature, defense and repair mechanism and transporting materials to and from cells

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5
Q

What is the function of blood

A

Transport nutrients and wastes

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6
Q

What is the function of blood vessels

A

Tube organs that allow blood to circulate to different tissues in the body

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7
Q

What are the fluids of the body

A

Blood, IF and lymph

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8
Q

What is blood composed of

A

Blood plasma and formed elements

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9
Q

What are the formed elements

A

RBC, WBC and platelets

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10
Q

What is the function of IF

A

surround the cells of the body

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11
Q

What is the function of lymph

A

surround the cells of the body but in lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Nutrients go from _______ to ________ to ________

A

Blood to IF to cells of the body

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Wastes go from _________ to ________ to ________

A

Cells to IF to blood

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14
Q

What happens to extra fluid

A

It is picked up by the lymphatic system and returned to the CV system

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15
Q

What are the similarities between IF and blood plasma

A

Contains: O2, salts, amino acids, hormones, water, glucose and WBC

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16
Q

What are the differences between IF and blood plasma

A

Plasma contains a high # of proteins
IF does not contain RBC’s and platelets

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17
Q

True or false: Fluids and their contents are constantly being exchanged within the body

A

True via semipermeable membrans
ex: Capillaries and Body cells

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18
Q

What are capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessel. They are 1 cell thick and are responsible for gas exchange as well as the exchange of nutrients and wastes

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19
Q

What 3 things facilitate gas exchange

A

Low BP
Low blood flow
Large surface area

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20
Q

What is filtration

A

Filtration is when nutrients and O2 leave the capillaries and enter the body cell. BP is important

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21
Q

What is reabsorption

A

Reabsorption is when wastes go from the body cell back to the capillaries. OP is important

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22
Q

Why is extra fluid picked up by the lymphatic system

A

To decrease/maintain the amount of fluid in the interstitial space

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23
Q

What would occur if the lymphatic system wasn’t working properly and why

A

Death would occur after about 24hrs because blood would lose all its plasma causing low BP. Edema due to excess fluid would also happen

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24
Q

What is the composition of blood and their percentages

A

Plasma (55%)
Buffy coat (<1%0
RBC (44 - 45%)

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25
Q

What makes up the buffy coat

A

WBC and platelets

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26
Q

What is the lifespan of RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets

A

RBC: 120 days
WBC: hours to weeks depending on type
Platelets: about 7 days

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27
Q

Why do RBC’s only have a lifespan of 120 days

A

They have no nucleus or organelles in order to repair themselves and also wear out from trying to fit through small spaces

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28
Q

What does hematopoiesis mean

A

Formation of blood cells

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29
Q

What are the stage and locations of blood cell formation

A

1 - yolk sac of embryo
2 - spleen, thymus and lymph nodes of fetus
3 - RBM which becomes primary site within the last 3 months

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30
Q

True or false: RBM contains pluripotent stem cells

A

True

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31
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells

A

They are cells that are capable of differentiating into many different types of cells

32
Q

What are erythrocytes and what is their function

A

RBC and transport O2

33
Q

Why can RBC’s transport O2

A

Hemoglobin

34
Q

What shape are RBC’s and why

A

Biconcaved. Facilitates gas exchange and flexible to fit into small spaces

35
Q

What is the normal count for women and men

A

Women: 4.8 million/ml
Men: 5.4 million/ml

36
Q

What is hematocrit

A

The % of RBC compared to the total volume of blood

37
Q

What can hematocrit indicate

A

O2 carrying capacity of blood

38
Q

True of false: Hemoglobin contains 6 globular proteins

A

False: they each contain 4 and each protein carries 1 O2 molecule

39
Q

What is a heme group

A

Area in hemoglobin where O2 molecule attaches

40
Q

When is deoxyhemoglobin produces

A

When O2 unloads in the tissues

41
Q

What type of hemoglobin is produced when CO2 loads in the tissues

A

carbaminohemoglobin

42
Q

When is oxyhemoglobin produced

A

When O2 loads in the lungs

43
Q

What colour is oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin

A

O2 - Bright red
CO2 - Dark red

44
Q

What is cyanosis

A

When there is more deoxygenated blood compared to oxygenated blood

45
Q

True or false: Blood can be blue

A

False: it’s never actually blue

46
Q

Why does carbon monoxide poisoning occur

A

Because CO binds to hemoglobin much easier than O2 does

47
Q

When CO is present, what happens to the O2 carrying capacity of blood

A

It decreases

48
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

Making erythrocyte (RBC)

49
Q

True or false: There needs to be a balance of production and destruction of RBC’s

A

True

50
Q

Why do we need balance and what does balance depend on

A

Need balance to maintain O2 levels of the body and avoid tissue hypoxia.
It depends on hormonal control, and dietary requirements (Iron, amino acids, B vitamins)

51
Q

What is tissue hypoxia

A

Too few RBC’s and not enough hemoglobin.

52
Q

What are some causes of tissue hypoxia

A

Insufficient hemoglobin, RBC’s, hemorrhage and reduced available O2 (high altitudes)

53
Q

What is erythropoetin

A

Protein released by kidneys to stimulate RBC production

54
Q

What happens to the consistency of blood when there are too many RBC’s

A

It becomes thicker (viscous)

55
Q

What are the 2 blood disorders related to RBC’s and explain

A

Anemia: Too little RBC’s and low O2 carrying capacity, hematocrit <35%
Polycythemia: Too many RBC’s due to bone marrow cancer, secondary polycythemia and blood doping. Hematocrit >65%

56
Q

What is leukopoiesis

A

Making WBC

57
Q

True or false: WBC are more numerous than RBC’s

A

False: RBCS Are more numerous (1 in 700)

58
Q

What is leukocytosis and what causes it

A

High # WBC and is caused by strenuous exercise, microbes, anesthesia and surgery

59
Q

What is leukopenia and what causes it

A

Low # WBC and is caused by chemotherapy, radiation and shock

60
Q

If only 2% of WBC’s are in circulating blood, where do the rest reside

A

lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, lungs, liver, spleen, skin

61
Q

What is the main function of WBC

A

Chemotaxis

62
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

The attraction to disease or injury site

63
Q

What are the granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

Granular: Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils
Agranular: Lymphocytes and Monocytes

64
Q

NEUTROPHILS:
0 - Granulocyte or Agranulocyte
1 - How many nuclei
2 - Shape of nucleus
3 - Color
4 - Percentage in circulating blood
5 - What does a high number indicate
6 - Function

A

0 - Granular
1 - 2 - 5
2 - Horseshoe
3 - Pale lilac
4 - 50 - 70%
5 - Acute bacterial infection
6 - Fastest response to phagocytize bacteria, releasing lysozymes and defensin as well as strong oxidants (chemicals)

65
Q

What does defensin do

A

pokes holes in bacterial cell walls to destroy them

66
Q

EOSINOPHILS:
0 - Granulocyte or Agranulocyte
1 - How many nuclei
2 - Shape of nucleus
3 - Color
4 - Percentage in circulating blood
5 - What does a high number indicate
6 - Function

A

0 - Granular
1 - 2 - 3
2- N/A
3- Orange/red
4- 2 - 4%
5- Parasitic infection
6- Release histaminase to slow down inflammation cause by basophils. Digest large parasitic worms and attacks parasites by phagocytosis

67
Q

BASOPHILS:
0 - Granulocyte or Agranulocyte
1 - How many nuclei
2 - Shape of nucleus
3 - Color
4 - Percentage in circulating blood
5 - What does a high number indicate
6 - Function

A

0 - Granular
1 - 1
2 - irregular U or S
3 - Dark purple
4 - < 1%
5 - Allergic Reaction
6 - Releases histamines to quicken inflammatory response

68
Q

What are basophils similar to

A

Mast cells

69
Q

What are mast cells

A

Basophils but in tissues

70
Q

LYMPHOCYTES
0 - Granulocyte or Agranulocyte
1 - How many nuclei
2 - Shape of nucleus
3 - Color of cytoplasm
4 - Percentage in circulating blood
5 - What does a high number indicate
6 - Function

A

0 - Agranular
1 - 1
2- Round
3 - light blue
4 - 25 - 45%
5 - Viral infection
6 - Composed of B, T and natural killer cells to attack viruses, bacteria and destroy foreign invaders by direct attack

71
Q

MONOCYTES
0 - Granulocyte or Agranulocyte
1 - How many nuclei
2 - Shape of nucleus
3 - Color of cytoplasm
4 - Percentage in circulating blood
5 - What does a high number indicate
6 - Function

A

0 - Agranular
1 - 1
2- Kidney
3 - Greyish blue
4- 3 - 8%
5- Chronic bacterial infection
6 - Circulate the blood in search of infection and clean up and destroy dead tissues after infection

72
Q

True or false: Lymphocytes differentiate into macrophages

A

False: Monocytes differentiate into macrophages

73
Q

What are fixed group macrophages

A

Macrophages found in specific tissues

74
Q

What are wondering group macrophages

A

Macrophages that circulate and are found at sites of infection

75
Q

What happens if a monocyte does not find an infection in 24hrs

A

apoptosis (self-destructs)

Bio 2 (7 decks)

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