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Bio 2 > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are gonads and what do they produce

A

Ovaries and testes
They produce gametes and most sex hormones

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2
Q

What are the 3 categories of hormones that gonads produce and give an example of each

A

Androgens (testosterone)
Estrogens (estrogen)
Progestins (progesterone)

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: There are higher levels of ___________ in males and higher levels of __________ and ___________ in females

A

Testosterone in males
Estrogen and Progesterone in females

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4
Q

What determines if a fetus is male or female

A

Androgens produced in early development

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5
Q

What is the role of testosterone

A

development and maintenance of males sex characteristics like increased bone and muscle mass

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6
Q

True or false: older men are at risk for osteoporosis

A

True

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7
Q

True or false: the males reproductive role differs from the female reproductive role

A

True

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8
Q

What is the reproductive strategy of males

A

Produce millions of sperm and delver them to female reproductive system

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9
Q

What are the three regions of a mature sperm cell and what does each piece contain

A

Head - contains fathers chromosomes
Mid piece - contains many mitochondria
Tail - doesn’t contain anything but it propels the sperm throughout the body (swim)

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10
Q

Whats included in the head of the sperm

A

The acrosome

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11
Q

What is the acrosome and what does it contain

A

Its a sac that covers the head of the sperm and it contains enzymes to help with fertilization

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12
Q

What is the flow of sperm from start to finish

A

Testes (seminiferous tubules) to epididymis to vas deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra and out of the penis

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13
Q

At what point does sperm become semen

A

Once it goes from the ejaculatory ducts to the urethra

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14
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands and prostate gland contribute their fluids

A

once sperm reaches ejaculatory duct and is headed towards the urethra

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15
Q

What surrounds the testes

A

Scrotum

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16
Q

Finish the sentence: the scrotum is suspended by ___________

A

suspensory ligaments

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17
Q

What 2 categories of muscles can elevate the testicles and why would you want to be able to elevate the testicles

A

Dartos and Cremaster muscles
Want to be able to elevate testicles for temperature elevation in order to have to most optimal sperm production

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18
Q

What are the 2 gonadotrophic hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes

A

Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

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19
Q

What 3 things do the gonadotrophic hormones do

A

stimulates testes and ovaries
essential for reproduction
regulates gonad function in males and females

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20
Q

By what mechanism are male reproductive hormones controlled

A

negative feedback mechanism

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21
Q

Explain how and which hormones of the male reproductive system work on negative feedback

A

The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which will the increase testosterone (LH) and sperm count (FSH)

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22
Q

What happens in response to FSH and testosterone

A

the seminiferous tubules produce more sperm and there is an increase in production of inhibin

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23
Q

What is inhibin

A

inhibits the production of FSH

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24
Q

What happens in response to LH

A

testosterone levels rise

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25
Q

What does rising testosterone levels do

A

Inhibits the release of GnRH and decreases LH from anterior pituitary gland

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26
Q

What is the reproductive role of females

A

Produce few eggs but requires more time and energy to have a potential fertilized egg (zygote)

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27
Q

What are the female gonadal hormones

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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28
Q

What are the effects of decreased estrogen levels in older women

A

negatively influence muscle damage and increases the risk of osteoporosis

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29
Q

What is the flow of an “egg”

A

Ovaries to fallopian tubes to uterus to cervix to vagina to outside of the body

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30
Q

What are the external female genetalia

A

Clitoris and Labia

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31
Q

What is one accessory gland of females

A

Mammary glands

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32
Q

What is the labia

A

Fold of skin that covers and protects urogenital openings

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33
Q

What is the clitoris

A

Erectile organ to responds to sexual stimulation

34
Q

What is the perineum

A

Skin between vagina and anus

35
Q

What normally tears during childbirth

A

The perineum

36
Q

Where is the vagina located

A

Between the bladder and rectum

37
Q

What are the functions of the vagina

A

elimination of menstrual fluids, its the inferior portion of the birth canal, receives sperm during sex

38
Q

Where is the Uterus located

A

Between the bladder and rectum

39
Q

How is the uterus held in place

A

By several ligaments

40
Q

Name the 3 regions of the uterus

A

Cervix - narrow passage that links to vagina
Body- main part
Fundus- Rounded portion above where fallopian tubes enter

41
Q

What are the uterine walls made of and what are their functions

A

Endometrium - inner layer that thickens in preparation for a mature egg to be fertilized and is shedded when no pregnancy occurs (period)
Myometrium - middle layer composed of smooth muscles with contracts during childbirth to get the baby out
Perimetrium - outer layer

42
Q

True or false: The uterus stays the same shape

A

False: it changes size and shape (pregnancy)

43
Q

Name 3 functions of the uterus

A

1 - receives fertilized egg
2 - keeps fertilized egg
3 - nourishes the egg so it can grow an develop

44
Q

Describe what happens when a prolapsed uterus occurs and why does this happen

A

The uterus becomes unsupported due to torn muscles which happens during childbirth which then causes the uterus to protrude through the vaginal opening (outside of body)

45
Q

What does the cervix look like and what does it produce

A

It looks like a barrell and the cervical canal has a constricted opening.
It produces mucus which becomes less viscous during ovulation allowing sperm to flow through much easier

46
Q

What does PAP smear stand for and what does it screen for

A

stands for papanicolaou cervical smears and it screens for cancerous or precancerous lesions of the cervix

47
Q

What is another name for fallopian tubes

A

Oviducts

48
Q

True or false: Oviducts are continuous with the ovaries

A

False: They aren’t

49
Q

Why are women at risk due to oviducts not being continuous with ovaries

A

There is a higher risk of infection from other parts of the reproductive tract leading to PID

50
Q

What does PID cause

A

Pelvic inflammation disease causes scarring of the fallopian tubes and infertility or death

51
Q

True or false: mammary glands are found in both sexes

A

True

52
Q

True or false: Mammary glands are sweat glands

A

False: They are MODIFIED sweat glands

53
Q

How do mammary glands mature

A

By the stimulation of sex hormones (mainly estrogens) from the placenta and reproductive system

54
Q

What is the function of mammary glands in females

A

Production of milk and ejection of milk (lactation)

55
Q

What hormone stimulated the production of milk and which gland secretes it

A

Prolactin
The hypothalamus releases prolactin-releasing hormone and then the anterior pituitary gland secretes prolactin to act on the mammary glands

56
Q

What other hormone acts on the mammary glands and what does it do

A

Oxytocin - ejection of milk

57
Q

What does estrogen do

A

Maintains female reproductive system and gives female characteristics

58
Q

What is estrogen primarily produced by and when

A

Developing follicles in ovaries (during reproductive cycle)
Corpus luteum (after ovulation
Placenta (after implantation)

59
Q

What is the production of estrogen primarily controlled by

A

gonadotropins

60
Q

How long is an average reproductive cycle

A

24 - 35 days with ovulation 1/2 way through

61
Q

How are the phases controlled

A

By changes in hormone levels

62
Q

How many cycles are involved in the reproductive cycle. Name them and explain

A

2 cycles
Ovarian - maturation of follicle and ovulation
Menstrual - tickening of endometrium to prepare for pregnancy. No pregnancy = shedding of endometrium = period

63
Q

What is the process of production of eggs in the ovaries called

A

Oogenesis

64
Q

When are eggs released into fallopian tubes

A

During ovulation

65
Q

Finish the sentence: The first day of menstrual cycle is considered _________________ of menstrual cycle and _______________ of ovarian cycle

A

Day 1 for both

66
Q

Explain the ovarian cycle

A

ovulation occurs which is when an oocyte by the follicle is release from the ovary.
then the follicle becomes corpus luteum due to the influence of LH
The corupus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

67
Q

What happens when fertilization does not occur

A

Progesterone and Estrogen levels drop, corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian cycle starts again

68
Q

Explain the menstrual cycle

A

Menstruation - shedding of the uterine lining which happens when estrogen levels drop and FSH and LH levels rise

Proliferation - endometrium thickens which increases estrogen production

Secretion - thickening and maintenance of endometrium due to the corpus luteum secreting progesterone and estrogen

69
Q

What happens if implantation occurs

A

the embryo produces hormones to maintain corpus luteum

70
Q

what happens if implantation does not occur

A

then the menstruation phase follows the secretory phase

71
Q

Fill in the blank: _____________ sperm enter vagina, __________ enter uterine tube and ______________ make it to isthmus

A

200 million, 10 000 and a few hundred

72
Q

How long are oocytes viable for and how long are sperm viable for

A

Oocyte: 12 - 24 hrs after ovulation
Sperm: 24 - 48 hrs after ejaculation

73
Q

Where is the most common site for fertilization

A

ampulla of fallopian tubes

74
Q

How does fertilization work:
where does it occur
where does it get implanted
what type of divisions to zygotes undergo

A

Occurs as egg is travelling down fallopian tube (ampulla)
Gets implanted into the endometrium
Undergoes many mitotic divisions

75
Q

Why are levels of estrogen and progesterone high during pregnancy

A

To prevent shedding of the uterine lining
Inhibits brain from releasing gonadotropins so it doesn’t release another ovum

76
Q

How is pregnancy and hormone level maintained

A

1 - embryo secretes hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin
2 - Placenta secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy

77
Q

When are all organ systems of a fetus formed

A

at the end of week 8 of development
then presence or absence of Y chromosome will detect whether its male or female and growth and appearance changes continue as the weeks go on

78
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy

A

when the fertilized egg implants in another spot other than the uterus (outside womb)

79
Q

What are the 3 types of ectopic pregnancy and where does the egg implant itself

A

1 - Oviduct (fallopian tubes)
2 - Peritoneum (peritoneal)
3 - Ovary (ovarian)

80
Q

What is birth control and what does it do

A

It mimics natural estrogen and progesterone to trick the brain into saying that you’re always pregnant by inhibiting GnRH secretions

81
Q

Progesterone vs Estrogen

A

Progesterone:
- produced by corpus luteum until LH decreases in blood
- does not contribute to secondary characteristic development
- helps maintain pregnancy and prepares breasts for milk production

Estrogen:
- development of secondary sex characteristics
( growth of accessory organs, breast development, axillary and pubic hair, subcutaneous adipose tissue, widening of the pelvis, onset of menstrual cycle)

Bio 2 (7 decks)

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