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Anatomy and physiology part 2 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system consists of what?

A

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.

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2
Q

Function of the kidney in the urinary system

A

After the kidneys filter blood and return most of the water and many solutes to the blood, the remaining water and solutes constitute urine

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3
Q

The kidneys help maintain homeostasis throughout the body by performing the following functions:

A
  • Regulation of ion levels in the blood.
  • Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
  • Regulation of blood pH.
  • Production of hormones.
  • Excretion of wastes.
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4
Q

Whats the path of urine drainage?

A
  • Collecting duct
  • Papillary duct
  • Mirror calyx
  • Major calyx
  • Renal pelvis
  • Ureter
  • Urinary bladder
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5
Q

Structure of the kidney

A

the kidneys are made up of two distinct areas: the cortex and the medulla

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6
Q

Nephron

A

It regulates the concentration of water and minerals such as sodium by filtering the blood and reabsorbing the important nutrients.9 Jun 2020

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7
Q

Function of Nephron

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
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8
Q

The function of Nephron - Glomerular filtration

A

the first step of urine production – blood pressure forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of glomerular capillaries.

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9
Q

The function of Nephron - Tubular reabsorption

A

returning most of the filtered water and many of the filtered solutes to the blood is the second basic function of the nephrons and collecting ducts.

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10
Q

The function of Nephron - Tubular secretion

A

the tubule and duct remove substances, such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions, from blood in the peritubular capillaries and transport them into the fluid in the renal tubules.

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11
Q

Angiotensin II

A

enhances reabsorption of Na+ and Cl–. Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, which stimulates the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl– and secrete more K+. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits reabsorption of Na+ (and Cl– and water) by the renal tubules, which reduces blood volume.

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12
Q

How many nephrons in each kidney?

A

1 million

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13
Q

Slide 3

A
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14
Q

Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine

A
  • Urine produced by the nephrons drains into the minor calyces, which join to become major calyces that unite to form the renal pelvis.
  • From the renal pelvis, urine drains first into the ureters and then into the urinary bladder; urine is then discharged from the body through the urethra.
  • The two ureters transport urine from the renal pelves of the right and left kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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15
Q

Walls of the uterus contains of which 3 layers?

A

transitional epithelium on the inside (mucosa), smooth muscle in the middle, and an outer layer of areolar connective tissue

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16
Q

Function of the urinary bladder

A

function is to store urine prior to micturition.

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17
Q

mucosa of the urinary bladder contains what?

A

transitional epithelium and rugae

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18
Q

The muscular layer of the wall consists of three layers

A

smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle. The outer coat is a fibrous covering.

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19
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - Volume

A

One to two liters (about 1 to 2 quarts) in 24 hours but varies considerably

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20
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - Colour

A

Yellow or amber, but varies with urine conc and diet. Colour is due to urochrome (pigmented product from breakdown of bile) and urobilin (from breakdowndown and hemoglobin). Concentrated urine darker in colour.

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21
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - Turbidity

A

Transparent when freshly voided, but becomes turbid (cloudy) after a while.

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22
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - Odor

A

Mildly aromatic but becomes ammonia- like after a time. Some people inherit the ability to form methylymercaptam from digested asparagus , which gives urine a characteristic colour

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23
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - pH

A

Between 4.6 and 8.0; average is 6.0

24
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - Specific gravity

A

Specific gravity (density) is the ratio of the weight of a volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water. Urine specific gravity ranges from 1.001 to 1.035

25
Q

Abnormal constituents in urine - albumin

A

A normal constitude of blood plasma usually appears in only very small amounts in urine because it is too large to be filtered.

26
Q

An increase of albumin indicates what?

A

Indicates an increase in permeability of filtering membranes due to injury or disease, increased blood pressure, or damage to kidney cells.

27
Q

Abnormal constituents in urine - Glucose

A

Presence of glucose in urine, usually indicates diabetes mellitus

28
Q

Abnormal constituents in urine - Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

The presence of hemoglobin from ruptured red blood cells in the urine, can occur with acute inflammation of the urinary organs as a result of disease or irritation from kidney stones, tumors, trauma, and kidney diisease

29
Q

Abnormal constituents in urine - white blood cells (leukocytes)

A

The presence of white blood cells and other components of pus in the urine, indicates infection in the kidneys or other urinary organs

30
Q

Abnormal constituents in urine - Ketone bodies

A

High levels of ketone bodies in the urine, may indicate diabetes mellitus, anorexia, starvation or too little carbohydrate in the diet

31
Q

Abnormal constituents in urine - Bilirubin

A

When red blood cells are destoryed by macrophages, the globin portion off hemoglobin is spplit off and thee heme is converted to biliverdin.

An above level is bilirubin is called bilirubinuria.

32
Q

Abnormal constituents in urine - Urobilinogen

A

The presence of urobillinogen (brwakdown product of hemoglobin) in urine is called urobilinogen. Trace amounts are normal but larghe amounts may be due to hemolytic or permicious anemia, infectious hepatitis, obstrcution of bile ducts , jaundice, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure or infectious mononucleosis.

33
Q

Abnormal constituents in urine - Casts

A

Casts are tiny masses of material that have hardened and assume the shape of the lumen of a tubule in which the formed. They are flushed out of the tubule when glomerular filtrate builds up behind them. Casts are named after the cells or substances that compose them or based on their appearance

34
Q

Abnormal constituents in urine - Microbes

A

The number and type of bacteria vary with specific infections in the urinary tract. One of the most common is E. coli. The most common fungus to appear in urine and candida albicans, a cause of vaginitis. The most frequent protozoan seen is thrichomonas vaginalis

35
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

stretches when the urinary bladder fills and contracts to push out urine

36
Q

Urethra

A

A small tube that leads from the urinary bladder to the outside

37
Q

Ureters

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. As the urinary bladder fills, It expands and compresses the ureters, thereby preventing the backflow of urine

38
Q

Rugae

A

Allow the urinary bladder to expand as it fills

39
Q

Peritoneum

A

Helps holds the urinary bladder in place

40
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

an involuntary smooth muscle that opens and closes the urethra

41
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

An voluntary skeletal muscle that opens and closes urethra

42
Q

External urethral office

A

The opening of the urethra to the outside

43
Q

Actions of buffer systems

A

Buffers are substances that act quickly to temporarily bind H+, removing the highly reactive, excess H+ from solution but not from the body.

44
Q

normal pH of systemic arterial blood

A

7.35 to 7.45

45
Q

Homeostasis of pH is maintained by which buffer systems

A
  • Protein buffer system
  • Carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system
    *Phosphate buffer system
46
Q

Acid- Base balance - Exhalation of carbon dioxide

A

Breathing plays an important role in maintaining the pH of body fluids. An increase in the carbon dioxide in body fluids increases H+ concentration and thus lowers the pH (more acidic). A decrease in carbon dioxide raises the pH (makes body fluids more alkaline).

47
Q

Acid- Base balance - Kidney excretion of H+

A

The slowest mechanism for removal of acids us also the only way to eliminate most acids that form in the body: Cells of the renal tubules secrete H+, which then is excreted in urine

48
Q

Acid- Base balance - Acidosis

A

The systematic arterial blood pH below 7.35; it causes depression of the central nervous system (CNS)

49
Q

Acid- Base balance - Alkalosis

A

The systematic arterial blood pH above 7.45; its principal effect is overexcitability of the CNS

50
Q

Mechanisms that maintain pH of the body fluids

A
  • Buffer systems
  • Proteins
  • Carbonic acid- bicarbonate
  • Phosphates
  • Exhales of C02
  • Kidneys
51
Q

Mechanisms that maintain pH of the body fluids - Buffer systems

A

Convert strong acids and bases, preventing drastic changes in body fluid pH

52
Q

Mechanisms that maintain pH of the body fluids - Proteins

A

The most abundant buffers in body cells and blood. Hemoglobin is a buffer in the cystosol of red blood cells; albumin is a buffer in blood plasma

53
Q

Mechanisms that maintain pH of the body fluids - Carbonic acid- bicarbonate

A

Important regulators of blood pH; The most abundant buffers in extracellular fluid

54
Q

Mechanisms that maintain pH of the body fluids - Phosphates

A

Important buffers in intracellular fluid and in urine

55
Q

Mechanisms that maintain pH of the body fluids - Exhalation of C02

A

With increased exhalation of C02, pH rises (fewer H-); with decreased exhalation of C02. pH falls (more H+)

56
Q

Mechanisms that maintain pH of the body fluids - Kidneys

A

Kidney tubules secrete H+ into the urine and reabsorb HCO-3, so it is not lost in the urine

Anatomy and physiology part 2 (11 decks)

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