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Anatomy and physiology part 2 > Nutrition (FINISH) > Flashcards

Nutrition (FINISH) Flashcards

1
Q

Food molecules absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract have three main fates

A
  • To supply energy for sustaining life processes.
  • To serve as building blocks for the synthesis of more complex molecules, such as muscle proteins, hormones, and enzymes.
  • Storage for future use.
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2
Q

Nutrients

A

chemical substances in food that body cells use for growth, maintenance, and repair.

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3
Q

six main types of nutrients

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, minerals, and vitamins.

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4
Q

Essential nutrients

A

specific nutrient molecules that the body cannot make and must be obtained from the diet.

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5
Q

Each gram of protein or carbohydrate in food gives what amount of calories?

A

Each gram of protein or carbohydrate in food provides about 4 Calories; 1 gram of fat (lipids) provides about 9 Calories.

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6
Q

Slide 3

A
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7
Q

All carbohydrates contain which elements?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
    *Oxygen
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8
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A
  • Simple sugars
  • Glucose, fructose
  • Complex sugars
  • Starch, glycogen, cellulose
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9
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A
  • Energy
  • Energy storage
  • Principle component of dietary fibre
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10
Q

Glycogeenesis (Glycogen synthesis)

A

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose

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11
Q

Glycogenolysis ( Glycogen breakdown)

A

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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12
Q

Proteins contain which element?

A
  • From both animal and plant sources
  • Amino acids are the ‘building blocks’ of proteins (essential and non-essential amino acids)
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13
Q

Functions of proteins?

A
  • Structural
  • Growth and repair
    Functional
  • Enzymes, hormones etc.
    Enegery in starvation state
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14
Q

Lipids contain which element?

A

Carbon hydrates, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogren

From both animal and plant sources
(Essential and non-essential)

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15
Q

Types of lipids include?

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Triglyceride (Fat)
  • Sterols (Cholesterol)
    *Phospholipids
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16
Q

Role of lipids

A

Energy storage, insulation, protection, cell membranes, steroid hormones, bile, local acting hormones

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17
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Calcium

A

Formation of bones and teeth, blood clotting, normal muscle and nerve activity, endocytosis and exocytosis, cellular mobillity, chromosome movements during cell division, glycogen metabolism and release of neurotransmitters and hormones
* Most abundant mineral in body
* About 99% is stored in bones and teeth

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18
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Phosphorus

A
  • Formation of bones and teeth.
  • About 80% is found in bones and teeth as phosphate salts.
  • Blood phosphate is controlled by parathyroid hormone
  • Plays a big role in muscle contraction and nerve activity
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19
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Potassium

A
  • Present in most foods (Meats, fish, poultry and nuts)
  • Needed for generation and conduct of action potentials in neurons and muscle fibers.
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20
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Sulfur

A
  • Sources include beef, liver, lamb, fish, pultry, eggs, cheese and beans
  • Regulates various body activities. Needed for ATP production by electron transport chain.
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21
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Sodium

A
  • Normal intake of NaCl (table salt) supplies more than the required amounts
  • Strongly affects distribution of eater through osmosis.
  • functions in nerve and muscle action potential conduction.
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22
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Chloride

A
  • Sources include salt (NaCl), soy sauce and processed foods.
  • Plays role in acid- base balance of blood, water balance and formation of HCL in stomach.
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23
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Magnesium

A
  • Widespread in various foods such as green leafy vegetables, seafood and whole-grain cereals
    *Required for normal functioning of muscle and nervous tissue.
  • Partipates in bone formation
  • Constitude of many coenzymes
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24
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Iron

A
  • 66% found in hemoglobin of blood. Normal losses occur in shedding of hair, epithelial cells and muscosal cells, and in sweat, urine feces, bile and blood lost during menstruation.
  • Sources are meat, liver, shellfish, egg yolf, beans, legumes, dried fruit, nuts and cereals
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25
Q

Minerals vital to the body - iodide

A
  • Essential component of thyroid hormones, Sources are seafood iodized salt and vegetable grown in iodine- rich soils.
  • Required by thyroid gland to synthesize thyroid hormones, with regulate metabolic rate.
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26
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Manganese

A

Some stored in liver and spleen. Sources include spinach, romaine lettuce and pineapple
* Activates several enzymes, Needed for hemoglobin synthesis, urea formation, grwoth, reproduction, lactation and bone formation

27
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Copper

A

Some stored in liver and spleen. sources include eggs, whole-wheat flour, beans, beets, liver, fish, spinach and asparagus

28
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Cobalt

A

Constitutes of vitamin B, sources include liver. kidney, milk, eggs, cheese and meat
* As part of vitamin b, required for erythropoises.

29
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Zinc

A
  • Imporant component of certain enzymes. Widespread in many foods, especially meats.
  • Necessary for normal growth and wound healing, normal taste sensations and appetite and normal sperm count in males
30
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Fluoride

A

Components of bones teeth, other tissue. Sources include seafood, tea and getalin.
* Appears to imporve tooth structure and inhibit tooth decay

31
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Selenium

A
  • Found in seafood, meat, chicken, tomatoes, egg yolk, milk, mushrooms and garlic and cereal grains grown in selenrium- rich soil.
  • Needed for spetm mobillity and proper functioning of the immune system. Also functions as an antioxidant. prevents chromosome breakage and may play a role in preventing certain birth defects, miscarriage, prostate cancer and coronary artery disease.
32
Q

Minerals vital to the body - Chromium

A

Found in wine and some brands of beer.
* Needed for normal activity of insulin in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

33
Q

Vitamins inside the body

A
34
Q

Different energy requirements depend on what?

A
  • Age
  • Growth and development
  • Activity
  • Gender
  • Pregnancy / lactation
35
Q

Daily requirements energy intake (4 - 6 months)

A

645-690 kcal

36
Q

Daily requirements energy intake (4-6 years)

A

1545-1715 kcal

37
Q

Daily requirements energy intake ( Adolescence, 15-18)

A

2110-2755 kcal

38
Q

Risks before pregnancy

A
  • Overweight / Anorexia
  • Folate
  • Alcohol
39
Q

Risks during pregnancy

A
  • Extra energy
  • Protein
  • Folate/ calcium/ iron/ zinc/ iodine
  • Alcohol other drugs
40
Q

Food precautions during pregnancy

A

*Unpasteurised milk
* Raw eggs and under-cooked chicken
* Folic acid/calcium/iron/zinc/iodine
* Pre-cooked food

41
Q

Product of formula milk

A
  • Reduced protein
  • Reduced saturated fats and increased unsaturated fat
  • Reduced sodium and calcium
  • Increased lactose (lactose intolerance?)
  • Increased micronutrients
42
Q

Weaning

A

The process of introducing babies to eating solid food, After 6 months stores of several nutrients start to fall if fed exclusively on breast or formula milk

43
Q

Underweight BMI

A

16 - 18.5

44
Q

Healthy weight BMI

A

18.5 - 25

45
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25 - 30

46
Q

Obese BMI

A

30 - 35

47
Q

Severely Obese BMI

A

35 - 40

48
Q

Gross Obesity BMI

A

40+

49
Q

Types of vegetarianism

A
  • Don’t eat the meat of some animals
  • Don’t eat meat but eat fish
  • Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
  • Vegan
  • Fruitarian
50
Q

Reasons for vegetarianism

A
  • Animal welfare
  • Health reasons
  • Religious
  • Social (adolescent diets)
51
Q

Possible nutritional deficiencies

A
  • Iron-deficiency anaemia
  • Energy
  • Calcium and other minerals
  • Vitamin B12 and D
52
Q

Suggested benefits of a vegetarian diet

A
  • Increased intake of dietary fibre
  • Increased intake of fruit & vegetables
  • Reduced intake of saturated fat
53
Q

VLDL

A

Very Low Density Lipoprotein

54
Q

LDL

A

Low Density Lipoprotein

55
Q

HDL

A

High Density Lipoprotein

56
Q

2 sources of cholesterol in the body

A
  • Some are present in foods
  • Most is synthesised by liver cells
57
Q

Nutrition 18 slide 10

A
58
Q

Metabolism

A

refers to all chemical reactions of the body, may be thought of as an energy-balancing act between anabolic (synthesis) and catabolic (decomposition) reactions.

59
Q

Anabolism

A

consists of reactions that combine simple substances into more complex molecules.

60
Q

Catabolism

A

consists of reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones.

61
Q

Enzymes

A

serve as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

62
Q

What happens during digestion?

A

polysaccharide and disaccharide carbohydrates are converted to glucose. Glucose moves into cells by facilitated diffusion, which is stimulated by insulin. Some glucose is catabolized by cells to produce ATP. Excess glucose can be stored by the liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen or converted to fat.

The catabolism of glucose to produce ATP is known as cellular respiration. The complete catabolism of glucose to produce ATP involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

63
Q

What cellular respiration does Glycolysis occur under?

A

does not require oxygen, so it can occur under aerobic or anaerobic (cellular respiration) conditions. During glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol, one glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid. Glycolysis yields a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH + H+.

When oxygen is plentiful, most cells convert pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A, which enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle occurs in mitochondria. The chemical energy originally contained in glucose, pyruvic acid, and acetyl coenzyme A is transferred to the coenzymes NADH and FADH2.

Anatomy and physiology part 2 (11 decks)

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