Fluid balance (CB)

Question 1

Discuss how fluid is gained and lost by the
body (including average daily values)

Question 2

Identify the fluid compartments of the body

Question 3

Describe the electrolyte composition of extracellular
fluid and intracellular fluid

Question 4

Outline the role of thirst, antidiuretic hormone and
aldosterone in fluid homeostasis

Question 5

Identify the following as examples of disrupted fluid and
electrolyte balance: oedema, shock, water
intoxication, vomiting and diarrhoea.

Question 6

Solid to fluids ratio in females

Answer 6

45:55

Question 7

Solid to liquid ratio in males

Answer 7

40:60

Question 8

Intercellular fluid in males and females (ICF)

Answer 8

67%

Question 9

Extracellular fluid in males and females (ECF)

Answer 9

33%

Question 10

What does extracellular fluid include out of 100%?

Answer 10

Interstitial fluid - 80%
Blood plasma - 20%

Question 11

What does interstitial fluid include?

Answer 11

Lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, aqueous and vitreous humor (eyes), pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial fluids.
* Water exchanged between fluids compartments to help maintain osmotic balance between them.

Question 12

ions formed when electrolytes break apart serve four general functions in the body:

Answer 12

• Control the osmosis of water between fluid compartments.
• Help maintain acid–base balance.
• Involved in nerve conduction and muscle contraction.
• Serve as cofactors for optimal activity of enzymes.

Question 13

Composition of ICF and ECF

Answer 13

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the cytosol within the cell. Extracellular fluid (ECF) surrounds the cells serves as a circulating reservoir

Question 14

Fluid enter and exit the body tissue through where?

Answer 14

Via the body tissue

Question 15

Clinical signs of fluid retention or overload?

Answer 15

• Weight gain
• Hypertension
• Oedema - results from an excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial compartment.
• Neurological disturbance (extreme cases)

Question 16

Two types of oedema

Answer 16

• Localised oedema - Local swelling often resulting from injury.
• Generalised oedema -Collection of fluid within the chest cavity, abdomen, or air spaces within the lungs.

Question 17

clinical signs of dehydration

Answer 17

• Weight loss
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Sticky oral mucus and dry tongue
• Low urine production (oliguria)
• Neurological disturbances (extreme cases)

Question 18

Factors that maintain body water balance

Answer 18

• Thirst center in hypothalamus
• Angiotensin II
• Aldosterone
• Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 19

Factors that maintain body water balance - Thirst center in hypothalamus -

Answer 19

Stimulates desire to drink fluids - Water gain if thirst is quenched

Question 20

Factors that maintain body water balance - Angiotensin II

Answer 20

Stimulates secretion of aldosterone - Reduces loss of water in urine

Question 21

Factors that maintain body water balance - Aldosterone

Answer 21

By promoting urinary reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-, increases water reabsorption via osmosis - Reduces loss of water in urine

Question 22

Factors that maintain body water balance - Atrial natriutetic peptide (ANP)

Answer 22

Promotes natriuresis, elevated urinary excretion of Na+ (and Cl-) accompanied by water - Increases loss of water in urine

Question 23

Factors that maintain body water balance - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 23

Promotes insertion of water- channel proteins into the plasma membranes of cells in the collecting ducts of the kidneys; as a result, water permeability of these cells increase and more water is reabsorbed - Reduces loss of water in urine

Question 24

Osmosis

Answer 24

Water passes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane in an attempt to reach equilibrium.

Question 25

Fluid homeostasis

Answer 25

Fluid homeostasis involves the maintenance of fluid volume and solute concentration. This is essential for fluid distribution (by osmosis) and cell function.