Immune system (CB)

Question 1

Function of blood

Answer 1

Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones, It helps to regulate pH, body temperature, and water content of cells. It prevents blood loss through clotting and combats microbes and toxins through the action of certain phagocytic white blood cells or specialized plasma proteins.

Question 2

Functions of blood - Transportation

Answer 2

Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body and carbon dioxide (a waste product of cellular respiration from the cells to the lungs. It also carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to body cells, heat and waste products away from cells, and hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells.

Question 3

Function of blood - Regulation

Answer 3

Blood helps regulate the pH of body fluids. The heat-absorbing and coolant properties of the water in blood plasma flow through the skin help adjust body temperature. Blood osmotic pressure also influences the water content of cells.

Question 4

Function of blood - Protection

Answer 4

Blood clots (becomes gel-like) in response to an injury, which protects against its excessive loss from the cardiovascular system. In addition, white blood cells protect against disease by carrying on phagocytosis and producing proteins called antibodies. Blood contains additional proteins, called interferons and complement, that also help protect against disease.

Question 5

Physical characteristics of whole blood

Answer 5

Physical characteristics of whole blood include a viscosity greater than that of water, a temperature of 38˚ (100.4˚F), and a pH range between 7.35 and 7.45. Blood constitutes about 8% of body weight in an adult, and consists of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements.

Question 6

What does the plasma in blood contain?

Answer 6

Plasma contains 91.5% water, 7% proteins, and 1.5% solutes other than proteins.

Question 7

Slide 8 question

Question 8

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

Answer 8

Includes the external physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes. It also includes various internal defenses, such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.

Question 9

First line of defense of the body

Answer 9

The skin and mucous membranes of the body are the first line of defense against pathogens. These structures provide both physical and chemical barriers.

Question 10

Second line of defense of the body

Answer 10

Any pathogens that get past the surface barriers encounter a second line of defense consisting of internal antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.

Question 11

four main types of antimicrobial substances that discourage microbial growth

Answer 11

• Interferons
• Complement system
• Iron-binding proteins
• Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs).

Question 12

why does inflammation in the body happen?

Answer 12

Inflammation is a nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue damage.

Question 13

Why do people get fevers?

Answer 13

Fever is an elevated body temperature that intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid repair.

Question 14

Adaptive (specific) immunity

Answer 14

involves the production of specific types of cells or specific antibodies to destroy a particular antigen. An antigen is any substance (foods, microbes, drugs, pollen, etc.) that the immune system recognizes as foreign (nonself).

Question 15

Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes called what?

Answer 15

B cells and T cells. Both develop in primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow and the thymus) from stem cells that originate in red bone marrow.

Question 16

Two types of adaptive immunity

Answer 16

cell-mediated immunity (cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens) and antibody-mediated immunity (B cells transform into plasma cells, then into antibodies).

Question 17

Clonal selection

Answer 17

Is a process by which the body produces B and T cells to respond to infections. The process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen. The result of clonal selection is the formation of a clone of cells that can recognize the same specific antigen as the original lymphocyte.

Question 18

Effector cells

Answer 18

The effector cells of a lymphocyte clone carry out immune responses that ultimately result in the destruction or inactivation of the antigen. Effector cells include active helper T cells, which are part of a helper T cell clone; active cytotoxic T cells, which are part of a cytotoxic T cell clone; and plasma cells, which are part of a B cell clone.

Question 19

Classes of immunoglobulins: igG

Answer 19

• About 80 percent of all antibodies, also found in lymph and intestines
• Protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering the complement system
• Only cass of antibody too cross the placenta from mother to fetus, conferring considerable immune protection in newborns

Question 20

Classes of immunoglobulins: igA

Answer 20

• About 10-15 percent of all antibodies in the blood; are found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions
• Levels decrease during stress, lowering resistance to infection
• Provides localized protection against bacteria and viruses on mucus membranes

Question 21

Classes of immunoglobulins: igM

Answer 21

• About 5-10 percent of all antibodies in the blood; also found in lymph
• First antibody class to be secreted by plasma cells after an initial exposure to any atigen
• Activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes
• In blood plasma, anti- A and anti- B antibodies of ABO blood group, which bind to A and B antigens during incompatible blood transfusion, are also igM antibodies

Question 22

Classes of immunoglobulins: igD (receptors)z

Answer 22

• About 0.2 percent of all antibodies in the blood; also found in the lymph and on the surfaces of B cells as antigen
• Involved in activation of B cells

Question 23

Classes of immunoglobulins: igE

Answer 23

• Less than 0.1 percent

Question 24

Antibody-medicated immune response begins with what?

Answer 24

begins with activation of a B cell by a specific antigen. B cells can respond to unprocessed antigens, but their response is more intense when they process the antigen.Interleukin-2 and other cytokines secreted by helper T cells provide costimulation for activation of B cells.

Question 25

Once activated a B cell undergoes what?

Answer 25

Clonal selection, forming a clone of plasma cells and memory cells

Question 26

Plasma cells

Answer 26

The effector cells of a B cell clone, They secrete antibodies.