Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general overview + pathway of the urinary system?

A
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2
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A
  • water and electrolyte homeostasis
    • filtration of cellular wastes from blood
    • selective reabsorption of water/solutes
    • regulation of fluid balance
    • maintain electrolyte homeostasis/acid-base balance
  • excretion of metabolic waste products, bioactive substances (including drugs), and excess water
  • production of hormones: renin + erythropoietin
  • regulation of blood pressure
    • juxtaglomerular apparatus
  • activation of vitamin D
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3
Q

What are some clinical signs of renal and non-renal diseases related to the kidneys?

A
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4
Q

What is the basic structure of the kidney?

A
  • capsule
  • renal lobe/pyramid
  • outer cortex
  • inner medulla
  • papillae/crest
  • calices (dilations of renal pelvis)
  • pelvis (dilation of proximal ureter)
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5
Q

Kidneys are composed of lobes that may be?

A
  • single, multiple, or fused
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6
Q

What kinds of lobes are shown?

A
  • unilobular: typical of carnivores
  • multilobular: typical of large ruminants (each lobe is distinctly outlined by deep grooves, lacks a renal pelvis)
  • multilobular: kidney of pig
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7
Q

What are the important tissues of the kidney?

A
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8
Q

What are features of the nephron?

A
  • the functional unit of the kidney
  • site of osmoregulation via:
    - filtration of water and small molecules from blood plasma to form a filtrate
    - selective reabsorption of most of the water and other molecules from the filtrate
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9
Q

What are important structures in the regions of the kidney?

A
  • cortex
    • renal corpuscles
    • proximal tubules
    • distal convoluted tubules
    • collecting tubules
    • peritubular capillary plexuses
  • medulla
    • loops of Henle
    • collecting ducts
    • vasa recta
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10
Q

What is this structure? What are some visible features?

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal corpuscles
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11
Q

What structure is shown? What are features indicated?

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal corpuscle
  • proximal tubules
  • distal convoluted tubules
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12
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A
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13
Q

What is this? What are some features? What is its main function?

A
  • glomerulus of a renal corpuscle
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14
Q

Describe filtration at the glomerulus

A
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15
Q

What is indicated in this image? What is its function?

A
  • podocytes
  • filtration
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16
Q

What are the 3 components of the filtration barrier? What is the outcome?

A
  • ENDOTHELIUM of glomerular capillary loops (CL) w/ fenestrations
  • glomerular BASEMENT MEMBRANE (GBM) =fused basal laminae of capillaries and podocytes
  • PODOCYTES with pedicels (foot processes)
  • outcome: albumin and larger molecules are retained, all smaller molecules cross freely with ultrafiltrate
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17
Q

What kind of endothelium is in kidneys?

A
  • fenestrated
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18
Q

What feature is shown in the image?

A
  • glomerulus of kidney
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19
Q

What are the steps of urine formation?

A
  • primary/glomerular filtrate is produced by ultrafiltration of blood in renal corpuscle
  • composition of ultrafiltration is similar to blood plasma, it does NOT contain most proteins
  • Reabsorption of most substances: 98% of filtrate reabsorbed (most of water and NA+, all glucose and amino acids)
  • tubular secretion: K+, H+, NH4+, bile salts, drug metabolites
  • waste molecules + some water remain in tubular system and eventually empty into ureter, urine stored in bladder pending voiding/micturition
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20
Q

What are features of mesangial cells?

A
  • phagocytic
  • contractile
  • support
  • mesangial cells+ matrix = mesangium
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21
Q

What animals do not have glomerulus?

A
  • teleostei fish
  • renal tubule instead
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22
Q

What are the types renal tubules?

A
  • proximal tubule
  • Henle’s loop: thin descending and thick ascending limb of nephron
  • distal convoluted tubule
23
Q

What structure is shown? What are some features?

A
  • proximal convolute tubule
  • begin at urinary pole of renal corpuscles
  • only in cortex
  • single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells with microvilli (brush border)
  • highly metabolically active cells w/ many mitochondria
    • Na+/K+ pumps, aquaporins, peroxisomes, endosomes, lysosomes
  • resorb glucose, Na+/H2O, amino acids, peptides and low molecular weight proteins
24
Q

What is the structure shown? Some features?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubules
    • microvilli (brush border)
    • basal laminae
  • lateral borders have inter-digitations of lateral cell processes, making cell limits indistinct
  • basal surface has a folded membrane: basal striations
25
Q

What is the structure shown and what are the arrows indicating? What does this structure absorb? Activate?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubules
  • brush border
  • absorb:
    • 85% of Na+ and H2O, 100% of glucose and amino acids
    • selectively: anions, cations, urea
  • activate: vitamin D
26
Q

What is this structure shown and some features present?

A
  • convoluted tubule
  • microvilli: PCT only
  • basal striations: both PCT/DCT. Folds of plasma membrane w/ ATP driven Na+ pump
  • mitochondria: provide ATP for pump
27
Q

What is the structure shown? Some features?

A
  • loop of Henle (nephron loop)
  • continues from proximal convoluted tubule
  • U-shaped with segments
    • thick descending: cuboidal epithelium
    • thin segment: squamous epithelium
    • thick ascending: cuboidal epithelium
  • in medulla only
28
Q

What is this structure? What are the labeled features?

A
  • loop of henle
  • CT: collecting tubules
  • CD: collecting ducts
  • T: thin segment
  • A: ascending thick segment
  • V: vasa recta: capillary loop that parallels the course of nephron loops,facilitating ion and water exchange
29
Q

What are the labeled structures? What are features of structure A?

A
  • A: distal convoluted tubule
  • B: proximal convoluted tubule
  • continues from thick ascending segment of loop of henle
  • single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells
  • no microvilli
  • only in cortex
  • site of action of ALDOSTERONE
  • contain specialized chemoreceptor cells of MACULA DENSA
30
Q

What is this structure?

A
  • distal convoluted tubule
31
Q

What is this structure? Some features?

A
  • collecting duct
  • connect distal convoluted tubule to renal papillae/crest
  • lumen contains primitive urine
  • cuboidal to low columnar epithelium
  • site of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) via aquaporin receptors
  • *not part of nephron
32
Q

What is the structure? What are the functions of its cells?

A
  • collecting ductule
  • lined by simple low columnar to cuboidal epithelium composed of principal and intercalated cells
    • principal cells: reabsorb Na+ and H2O
    • intercalated cells: participate in acid-base balance
33
Q

What structure is shown? What are the arrows indicating?

A
  • renal papilla: papillary ducts
  • terminal portion of collecting ducts are papillary ducts (thick arrow)
  • which empty at the area cribrosa (AC) of the renal crest of renal papilla (dashed lines)
  • vasa recta (thin arrow) take away water passing through collecting and papillary ducts
34
Q

What is the papilla or renal crest?

A
  • the terminal portion of the inner medulla, which extends into the renal pelvis or calices
35
Q

What are features of vasculature in the urinary system?

A
  • high blood supply (25% of cardiac output)
  • terminal (end) or artery system
  • renal artery > interlobar artery > arcuate artery > interlobular artery > intralobular artery > afferent arterioles > efferent arteriole > intralobular vein > interlobular vein > arcuate vein
  • afferent arterioles: glomerulus (capillaries)
  • efferent arteriole: peritubular capillaries (surround tubules) and vasa recta (surrounds loops of henle)
36
Q

What are features of interstitium in the urinary system?

A
  • sparse, especially in cortex, more present in the medulla
  • between basement membrane and tubules
  • interstitial cells: fibroblasts, bone marrow derived cells, unique lipid-laden interstitial cell (stellate shaped) that is especially prominent in the inner medulla (produces prostaglandin E2)
37
Q

What are features of lymphatics in the urinary system?

A
  • found in the interstitium surrounding intrarenal arteries
38
Q

T/F: the kidney has afferent innervation to the smooth muscle of arteries, afferent and efferent arterioles, and descending vasa recta

A
  • false; efferent innervation
39
Q

What is this structure?

A
  • glomerulus
40
Q

What are the two parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • macula densa cells: chemoreceptors that sense Na+ concentrations in filtrate
  • juxtaglomerular cells: modified smooth muscle cells of mainly afferent and some efferent arterioles. Detect variations in blood pressure (baroreceptors) and secrete renin into vessel lumen
41
Q

What are the kinds of receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and what part are they associated with?

A
  • macula densa of DCT: Na+ Chemoreceptor
  • J.G. Cells of afferent/efferent arteriole: baroreceptor
    • secrete hormone renin in response to low Na+ in filtrate and low blood pressure
42
Q

How does the juxtaglomerular apparatus increase blood pressure?

A
43
Q

Label the features of this structure

A
44
Q

Name the labeled features

A
45
Q

What is the tubular organ of the urinary system? What are the 4 layers/tunics?

A
  • ureter
  • tunica mucosa (lamina mucosa, lamina propria, lamina muscularis)
  • tunica submucosa
    • true submucosa because lamina muscularis (muscularis mucosae) separates submucosa from mucosae
    • submucosa: lamina propria because no lamina muscularis
  • tunica muscularis
  • tunica serosa/adventitia
46
Q

What is this structure? What are some features?

A
  • ureter
  • tube that conveys urine from renal pelvis to bladder
  • tunica mucosa: urothelium/transitional epithelium (U)
  • tunica submucosa:lamina propria (LP); no lamina muscularis
  • tunica muscularis (M): 3 layers of smooth muscle, outer and inner longitudinal, middle circular, autonomic innervation (peristalsis)
  • tunica adventitia
47
Q

What is this structure? What are the arrows indicating?

A
  • urinary bladder: stores urine
  • tunica mucosa: urothelium
    • lamina propria present, lamina muscularis (thin incomplete bands of smooth muscle except in cats)
  • tunica submucosa
  • tunica muscularis:
    • 3 layers (outer/inner longitudinal, middle circular)
    • smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
    • skeletal muscle sphincter near urethra
  • tunica serosa/adventitia
48
Q

What is this structure? Label A + B

A
  • bladder
  • A: lamina propria mucosae
  • B: epithelium mucosae
49
Q

What is this feature? What species? Why?

A
  • urinary bladder
  • horse
  • presence of glands (g)
50
Q

What is this structure? Some features? What are the arrows indicating?

A
  • urethra
  • lined initially w/ transitional epithelium, then stratified squamous (near external urethral orifice)
  • accessory sex glands
  • mucous glands (diffuse prostate in ruminants/boars/cats)
  • male:
    • vascular stratum (corpus spongiosum)
    • tunica muscularis/urethral sphincter
      • smooth muscle proximally, skeletal muscle display
  • female:
    • shorter, infection more likely
  • dog: urethra, prostate
51
Q

T/F: the kidney develops from the lateral mesoderm

A
  • false: intermediate mesoderm
52
Q

Describe renal development

A
  • pronephros: regresses in mammals
  • mesonephros: genital tract
    • forms nephrons that secrete fluid into amnion early in development, regresses later
    • mesonephric duct (wolffian duct): retained in males forming epididymus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles
  • metanephros: kidney
53
Q

T/F: the mesonephros becomes the adult kidney

A
  • false; metanephros
  • metanephros
    • ureteric bud: outgrowth of mesonephric duct
    • collecting bugles form, bifurcate, and nephros begin to develop
    • metanephros duct becomes ureter
  • urinary bladder and urethra are derived from endoderm