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RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the male reproduction system?

A
  • production of male gametes
  • production of testosterone
  • introduction of male gametes into the female reproductive organs
  • production of hormones such as AMH in the male embryo and ABP + inhibin in adults
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2
Q

What are the main parts of the male reproductive system?

A
  • testis
  • epididymus
  • ductus deferens
  • accessory sex glands (vesicular glands/prostate/bulbourethral)
  • external genitalia/penis
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3
Q

What are some features of the testis?

A
  • foetal migration to scrotum for most species
  • surrounded by parietal and visceral vaginal tunics + tunica albuginea
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4
Q

A vaginal tunic of the testis is composed of ____________ and has ________ + ________components

A
  • mesothelium + a connective tissue layer (out-pouching of peritoneum)
  • parietal (upon removal: blends + attached to CT of scrotum)
  • visceral (upon removal: surrounds the testis + epididymus)
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5
Q

__________ is a capsule of dense CT which lies under the visceral vaginal tunic and separates seminiferous tubules from the mediastinum

A
  • tunica albuginea
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6
Q

_____________ are highly convoluted loops lined by spermatogenic epithelium, with interstitial cells (leydig cells) between them

A
  • seminiferous tubules
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7
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • lined by spermatogenic epithelium, which is surrounded by lamina propria of collagen and elastic fibers, with interstitial (leydig) cells located between the tubules
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8
Q

What are some features of seminiferous tubules and their functions?

A
  • spermatogenic cells: progressive maturation through spermatogenic A +B, primary + secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa
  • spermatozoa: immotile, in lining of seminiferous tubules
  • serotoli cells: line tubules, support spermatogenic cells
  • myosin cells: located outside basement membrane of each tubule, move spermatozoa out of tubules
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9
Q

Label this figures abbreviations

A
  • sertoli cell (SC)
  • myoid cell (M)
  • fibroblast (F)
  • spermatogonia (SG)
  • primary spermatocyte (PS)
  • early spermatid (ES)
  • late spermatid (LS)
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10
Q

Tall cells that extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule, have pale oval/triangular nuclei, and in distinct cell borders are ____________, which function to:

A
  • Sertoli cells
  • support, protect, nourish spermatogenic cells
  • secrete supporting seminiferous tubule fluid
  • protect (via tight jxns) spermatids from immune system
  • hormone production
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11
Q

Explain what is occurring during steps 1-4

A
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12
Q

How does hormone production in sertoli cells function?

A
  • release of androgen binding protein (ABP) in response to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) increases testosterone concentration in seminiferous tubules
  • synthesize anti-paranephric duct hormone (APND) in embryo preventing formation of female genitalia
  • release inhibin to suppress secretion of FSH (pituitary “-“ feedback)
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13
Q

What cell(s) is shown in the photo? What are its features?

A
  • interstitial/leydig cells
  • occur in clusters between seminiferous tubules
  • small, round, dark, eccentric nucleus
  • cytoplasm is very eosinophilic and often foamy due to lipids
  • secrete testosterone (+ estrogen in boars)
  • controlled by ICSH (interstitial cell stimulating hormone) aka luteinizing hormone (LH)
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14
Q

What produces testosterone? What are its functions?

A
  • interstitial/leydig cells
  • high concentrations necessary to maintain spermatogenesis
  • responsible for secondary male sex characteristics + libido
  • other androgenic effects: stimulates development + secretory activity of male accessory glands
  • anabolic effect: stimulates growth of skeletal muscles + bones
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15
Q

What is the spermatic pathway?

A
  • seminiferous tubules -> straight tubules -> rete testis -> efferent tubules -> epididymus -> ductus (vas) deferens -> urethra
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16
Q

What are the kinds intertesticular ducts? What are their features?

A
  • straight tubules, rete testis, + efferent ductules
  • lined by epithelium varying from squamous to cuboidal to columnar
  • rete testis like a sponge that sperm empties into
  • efferent ductules have a distinct undulating profile
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17
Q

The __________ empties into the ___________ which lead to the epididymus duct

A
  • rete testis, efferent ductules
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18
Q

What are some features of intertesticular ducts?

A
  • site of spermatogenesis
  • site of production of sex hormone
  • surrounded by a tunicae (tunics)
  • parenchyma composed of seminiferous tubules lined w/ spermatogenic epithelium
  • interstitial contains leydig cells —> testosterone
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19
Q

What is this? What are its parts?

A
  • epididymus: one very long coiled tubule surrounded by epithelial tissue
  • head (a)
  • body (b)
  • tail (c)
  • vas deferens (d)
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20
Q

What is this? What are its features?

A
  • epididymal duct
  • very long
  • lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia (increase absorption)
  • smooth muscle cells in wall, abundant in tail region
  • main functions are fluid resorption (90%) and secretion of glycoproteins, proteins, glycolipids, and lipids
  • site of sperm maturation (head, body) and storage (tail)
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21
Q

What is this? What are its features?

A
  • ductis deferens (vas deferens)
  • lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium w stereocilia
  • prominent muscularis for peristaltic contractions that propel spermatozoa
  • in ruminants + stallions: near the junction w/ the urethra, ductus deferens forms a male accessory gland -> ampulla
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22
Q

What are the accessory sex glands and their purpose?

A
  • vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
  • ampullary glands
  • prostate glands
  • bulbourethral glands
  • function: add substances to semen to promote fertilization
  • lined by simple cuboidal or columnar pseudostratified epithelium
  • TUBULOALVEOLAR
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23
Q

What feature is shown in this image? What is its function?

A
  • vesicular glands/seminal vesicles
  • *not present in carnivores
  • produce fructose: source of energy for sperm
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24
Q

What is shown in this image? What are its features?

A
  • prostate gland
  • multilobulated gland surrounding urethra
  • surrounded by fibroelastic capsule
  • branched tubuloalveolar gland
  • produces buffers to neutralize acidity of seminal plasma
  • glandular tissue (g) surrounded by fibromuscular stroma (s) forming multiple lobules surrounded by smooth muscle (m)
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25
Q

What is shown in this image? What are its features?

A
  • bulbourethral gland
  • empty into urethra in pelvis
  • mucous secretion acts as lubricant in urethra
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26
Q

What are features of the penis?

A
  • consists primarily of erectile tissue and the urethra covered by unhaired skin
  • corpus cavernosa: paired masses of erectile tissue, irregular vascular spaces lined w/ endothelium between CT trabeculae
  • corpus spongiosum: single mass of ereciletissue surrounding urethra, more delicate
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27
Q

What are the different kinds of penis? What species are they linked to?

A
  • vascular (stallion/primates)
  • fibroelastic (bull, ram, boar)
  • intermediate (cat, dog)
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28
Q

What is shown in the image? What are its features?

A
  • urethra (male)
  • 3 parts:
    • prostatic
    • pelvic
    • penile

-function: removal of urine + passage of semen
- mostly lined by transitional epithelium

29
Q

What are the features of a prepuce?

A
  • external + internal layers
    • external: normal haired skin
    • internal: covered w/ fine hairs, sweat glands, sebaceous glands for variable distance

-boars have a preputial diverticulum: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- smegma = sloughed epithelial cells + urine

30
Q

What are functions of the female reproductive system?

A
  • production of female gametes (ova > oogenesis)
  • endocrine function —> production of sex hormones (mostly estrogen + progesterone)
  • reception of male gametes (spermatozoa) + provision of suitable environment for fertilization
  • provide environment for foetal development (uterus)
  • nutrition of newborn
31
Q

What are the main parts the female reproductive system?

A
  • ovaries
  • oviducts (fallopian/uterine tubes)\
  • uterus
  • cervix
  • vagina
  • external genitalia (vestibule/vulva)
  • associated glands
  • mammary gland (covered in integumentary tissue)
32
Q

What are the two main functions of ovaries?

A
  • produce female gametes + produce sex hormones
33
Q

What is shown in the image? What is its basic structure?

A
  • ovary
  • cortex: broad peripheral zone containing follicles in various developmental stages
  • medulla: contains connective tissue, nerves, blood, and lymph vessels

**in horses, the areas are reversed,with cortical tissue focused around the ovulation fossa

34
Q

What is shown in this picture? Describe its features

A
  • cortex of ovary
  • E —> surface is lined by a low cuboidal epithelium (germinal/surface epithelium)
  • TA —> tunica albuginea: connective/fibrous tissue (stains blue)
  • under the tunica albuginea —> numerous follicles that contain oocytes in various stages of development
  • the TA is the outer cortex below the surface epithelium
35
Q

Describe the flow of developmental events of oogonia

A
36
Q

____________ is the process in which follicles do not ovulate and degenerate; with oocytes, soma pellucida and folllicular cells reabsorbing

A
  • follicular atresia
37
Q

In ____________, upon sexual maturity, one or more ____________ follicles (dormant from birth) undergo maturation during each reproduction cycle. This process is dependent on ?

A
  • folliculogenesis, primordial
  • follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) from the adenopophysis (pituitary gland)
38
Q

What is a structure containing an oocyte surrounded by specialized cells; whose size, content, and wrapping vary depending on developmental stage?

A
  • ovarian follicles
39
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • primordial folllicles
  • primary oocyte in primordial follicle enclosed by flattened, simple squamous follicular cells
  • retained in resting stage since formation in the fetal ovary
40
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • primary follicle
  • primary oocyte enclosed by a simple cuboidal layer of follicular cells
    -start forming after puberty (FSH, LH)
41
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • secondary follicle
  • oocyte enclosed by several layers of follicular cells
  • oocyte completes meiosis i —> secondary oocyte (most species)
  • follicular cells proliferate via mitosis and are called granulosa cells
42
Q

What are the layers of secondary follicles and their features?

A
  • zona pellucida: thick glycoprotein layer located at the interface between the oocyte and the granulosa cells
  • theca interna cells: large, pale-staining, spindle shaped cells that are steroid producing/metabolizing cells
  • granulosa cells: require receptors for follicle simulating hormones (FSH) important in development of follicle
43
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • tertiary follicle
  • become longer, small liquid-filled areas appear between the granulosa cells (antrum)
  • antrum enlarges, the oocyte is surrounded by a layer of follicular cells (corona radiata) and sit on a aggregate of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus)
44
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • mature (graafian) follicle
  • secondary oocyte detaches from cumulus oophorus and floats free in follicular fluid
    • now ready to ovulate
  • follicular cells acquire luteinizing hormone receptors (LH) necessary for development of corpus luteum
45
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • corpus luteum (CL) —-> ovulation > blood into antrum —> corpus hemorrhagiam (CH)
  • capillaries from stroma invade and convert it into a temporary endocrine organ (CL) vital to maintaining pregnancy —> secretes progesterone
  • lutenization is the process by which the granulosa + theca cells transfer into luteal cells (hypertrophy + hyperplasia)
  • in response to LH and FSH, lutein cells produce progesterone/estrogen
  • yellow pigment (lutein) appears in the luteal cells of carnivores, mares, and cows (not in sows/ewes/goats)
46
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • corpus albicans (CA)
  • involution of corpus luteum resulting in a white fibrous scar
47
Q

What’s are some features of the oviduct/s (uterine tube/s)?

A
  • muscular tube from ovary to uterus
  • 3 sections:
    • infundibulum w/ fimbriae
    • ampulla
    • isthmus
48
Q

What are the functions of the oviducts?

A
  • receive ovum
    • ovum picked up by fimbriae of the infundibulum + directed into oviduct lumen
      -provide favorable environment for fertilization (ampulla)
    • epithelial secretions promote capacitation of sperm
  • transport zygote to uterus for implantation (isthmus)
    • cilia assist transport
49
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • mucosa of the oviducts
  • epithelium is columnar w/ motile cilia on most cells
  • non-ciliated cells: have secretory granules in the cytoplasm, secretion provides nutrients to the ovum
50
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • uterus
  • sterile + inert environment for development of conceptus
  • nutrient/oxygen/waste exchange via placenta
  • muscles of uterus contribute to birth
51
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • endometrium
  • glandular mucosa divided into 2 zones:
    • functional zone (f): superficial that degenerates after pregnancy or estrus (hormonal dependent)
    • basal zone (b): layer that remains after pregnancy or estrus
52
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
53
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • cervix
  • thick walled, muscular structure
    • endocervix: faces uterus
    • ectocervix: faces vagina
  • function:
    • provides a seal that prevents organisms and substances entering from cranial vagina
    • functions as gatekeeper by holding products of conception within uterus until parturition
54
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • endocervix
  • epithelium: simple columnar w/ mucus secreting cells
  • mucosa may have prominent primary, secondary, and tertiary folds
  • muscularis: inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers (continuous w/ uterus + vagina)
  • serosa
55
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • ectocervix
  • lined by stratified squamous epithelium
56
Q

What is this image of? What are some features?

A
  • vagina
  • fibromuscular tubes/ three layers:
    • mucosa
    • muscularis
    • serosa(cranial) + adventitia (caudal)
57
Q

What are some features of vaginal mucosa?

A
  • numerous folds (rugae) separated by channels of variable depth
  • mostly stratified squamous epithelium w/ patches of simple columnar epithelium + mucus producing cells
58
Q

What are some features of vaginal muscularis?

A
  • smooth muscles arranged circularly (inner) and longitudinally (outer)
59
Q

T/F: Cyclical change in hormones cause varying thickness in vaginal epithelium and varying degrees of keratinization

A

True; can be viewed in routine vaginal smears

60
Q

What is a zygote?

A
  • embryo + foetal membrane
61
Q

What are the parts of the foetal membrane?

A
  • yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois
62
Q

What are the functions of the foetal membrane?

A
  • viviparous animals (form placenta)
  • supply + storage of nutrients
  • respiratory exchange
  • excretion
  • mechanical protection
  • transfer of ImG/passive immunity (humans > K9/feline&raquo_space; equine/bovine)
  • in mammals, hormone production
63
Q

What is the pathway of an embryo?

A
64
Q

What are the features and functions of the placenta?

A
  • Chorion: layer that contacts the mother, in most species fused w/ allantois (chorioallantois/allantochorion)
  • Allantois: contains fetal urine + other fluids arising from the membrane itself
  • Amnion: smooth translucent membrane that surrounds the fetus + holds amniotic fluid
65
Q

What are the kinds of placentas?

A
66
Q

What kind of placenta is this?

A
  • zoonary
67
Q

What kind of placenta is this?

A
  • zoonary
68
Q

What kind of placenta is this?

A
  • diffuse

RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology (11 decks)

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