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RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology > Embryology + Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Embryology + Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the processes of mitosis and meiosis?

A
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2
Q

What are differences between the steps of mitosis and meiosis?

A
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3
Q

What are the main goals of meiosis?

A
  • reduction of chromosome numbers from diploid to haploid in gametes
  • crossing over and exchange of genetic material between male-female chromatids
  • production of 4 daughter cells that are genetically distinct
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4
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A
  • formation of male and female gametes (sperm and ova) from spermatogonia and oogonia
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5
Q

What occurs during mitosis?

A
  • spermatogonia and oogonia (gonadal stem cells) multiply within the gonad with a full set or diploid number of chromosomes (2N)
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6
Q

What occurs during meiosis I + II?

A
  • spermatocytes and oocytes are produced and exchange genetic material between male and female chromatids and divide t ensure a haploid number chromosomes (1N) in sperm/ova
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7
Q

What occurs during fertilization?

A
  • a sperm penetrates an ovum to restore diploid number of chromosomes (2N) to produce a zygote
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8
Q

T/F: Primordial germ cell -> spermatocyte/oocyte -> spermatogonia/oogonia -> zygote

A
  • False; Primordial germ cell -> spermatogonia/oogonia -> spermatocyte/oocyte -> zygote
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9
Q

What are functions of gonads?

A
  • endocrine and gametogenic functions
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10
Q

What are primordial germ cells?

A
  • primary undifferentiated stem cells that will differentiate into male and female germ cells (spermatogonia/oogonia) that will develop into male and female gametes (spermatozoa/ova) through spermatogenesis/oogenesis
  • appear during early embryo development
  • proliferate and migrate towards the genital ridge of the developing gonad
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11
Q

What are the parts of the male reproductive tract?

A
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12
Q

What are parts of the male testes?

A
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13
Q

What are key hormones in the male gonad?

A
  • gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinize hormone (LH)
  • testosterone (and androgen binding protein)
  • inhibin
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14
Q

What is the purpose of leydig cells? Sertoli?

A
  • Leydig cells:
    • responds to LH to produce testosterone or other androgens that aid in sexual development
    • provides support to Sertoli cells
  • Sertoli cells: (mother cells/nurse cells):
    • respond to FSH to produce inhibin and androgen binding proteins
    • help nourish developing sperm cells
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15
Q

What is this image? Label the terms

A
  • testis
  • A: sertoli cell
  • B: primary spermatocytes
  • C: spermatogonium
  • D: elongating spermatids
  • E: germinal epithelium
  • F: lumen
  • G: seminiferous tubule
  • H: leydig cell
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16
Q

When does spermatogenesis start?

A
  • puberty, when HPG axis matures and testosterone rises
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17
Q

Describe the steps of spermatogenesis

A
  • mitosis: spermatogonia divide to produce dipooloid (2N) primary spermatocytes
  • meiosis i: primary spermatocytes duplicate adrenal chromosomes, homologous chromosomes cross over, exchange DNA,and divide to produce haploid (1N) secondary spermatocytes
  • meiosis ii: secondary spermatocytes divide to produce spermatids
  • maturation: transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa or sperm
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18
Q

Describe sperm morphogenesis

A
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19
Q

T/F: spermatogenesis is a continuous process after puberty, with no pauses between stages

A
  • true
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20
Q

What are important characteristics of sperm?

A
  • each is genetically distinct and has either an X or Y chromosome
  • acrosome of head contains enzymes to penetrate ovum
  • midpiece is packed with mitochondria to produce ATP, energy needed to propel sperm to site of fertilization
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21
Q

Describe sperm morphology between species

A
  • size and shape of sperm head is species specific
    • disc-like: ruminants
    • pear shaped: man, stallion
    • hook-like: rodents
    • spoon-like: guinea pigs
    • filiform: birds
  • length is also species specific
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22
Q

The 12 stages of the spermatogenic cycle follow an orderly sequence along the length of the seminiferous tubule. What is a spermatogenic cycle? A spermatic wave?

A
  • cycle: time it takes for the appearance of one o the same 12 stages at a given segment of the tubule
  • wave: distance between the same stages
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23
Q

What does seasonal breeder mean in regards to release of sperm?

A
  • seasonal reduction of sperm production
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24
Q

How many weeks does it take for transport through the epididymides where spermatozoa will be stored the tail until ejaculation?

A
  • 2 weeks
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25
Q

What is the path sperm travel?

A
  • lumen of seminiferous tubule > rete testis > efferent ducts > head of epididymus > tail of epididymus (storage)
  • upon ejaculation, sperm travels via vas deferens into urethra, mixes with seminal plasma, and exits glans penis
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26
Q

What are the features of the female reproductive tract?

A
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27
Q

What are features of the uterine tube/oviduct?

A
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28
Q

What are features of the ovary?

A
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29
Q

What are features of the preovulatory follicle?

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30
Q

What are features of the corpus luteum?

A
31
Q

What is the functional unit of the ovary?

A
  • follicle
32
Q

What are the steps of folliculogenesis?

A
33
Q

What hormones is folliculogenesis dependent on?

A
34
Q

Describe oogenesis vs follicle development

A
35
Q

Describe the steps of oogenesis and spermatogeneis. Which has steps before puberty?

A
36
Q

What are differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A
37
Q

What are the main steps of fertilization?

A
  • sperm preparation: capaciation and acrosome reaction
  • sperm-ovum fusion and penetration off sperm
  • sperm and ovum pronuclei fusion
  • activation of zygote
38
Q

What is capacitation?

A
  • maturation process in response to uterine and oviductal fluid secretions involving severalmolevular steps to prepare the Esperanto for the acrosome reaction and fertilization
39
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A
  • acrosomal digestive enzymes are released to facilitate fusion with ovum and penetration through zona pellucida and plasma membrane of ovum
40
Q

What are the steps of sperm-ovum fusion?

A
41
Q

What is polyspermy? What can it cause?

A
  • a phenomenon in which an ovum is fertilized by more than one sperm
  • too many centrosomes can be detrimental to survival of the zygote
42
Q

What are the two mechanisms to block polyspermy?

A
  • fast block: change in electric potential of plasma membrane preventing fusion of sperm, mediated by influx of Na ions
  • slow block: cortical granules release enzymes that result in formation of a fertilization envelope around ovum, mediated by release of Ca2+
43
Q

What are features of the pronuclear envelope? What is pronuclear fusion?

A

-fertilization

44
Q

Describe fusion of male and female pronuclei

A
45
Q

What are stem cells? What are some different classes?

A
  • self-renewing cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated
46
Q

Describe the timeline of cleavage

A
47
Q

What occurs during cleavage?

A
  • within the uterine tube, unicellular zygote divides by mitosis or CLEAVAGE to become a multicellular embryo
  • each daughter cell is a blastomere
  • no increase in size since the early embryo is encased in a zona pellucida
48
Q

What is this structure?

A
  • morula
  • still within the uterine tube, blastomeres continue to divide into a compact ball of 16-32 cells within the zona pellucida
49
Q

What are features of blastocysts?

A
  • blastocyst enters the uterus and “hatches” from the zon pellucida
  • develops a cavity (blastocoele) which becomes the yolk sac
  • differentiation of the inner cell mass (embryoblast) surrounded by outer cells (trophoblast)
50
Q

Why must blastocysts “hatch”

A
  • to accommodate implantation
  • hatching due o pressure of expanding blastocyst and enzymatic dissolution of the zona pellucida
51
Q

What is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst? Outer cells?

A
  • inner cell mass: embryoblast: forms entire embryo
  • outer cells: trophoblast: will expand to form extraembryonic membranes (amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion), related to placentation
52
Q

The embryoblast differentiates to form bile in ar disc of _________ and _________ . This establishes the dorsoventral axis

A
  • epiblast (dorsal)
  • hypoblast (ventra)
53
Q

What is gastrulation?

A
  • process that establishes all 3 germ layers
    - ectoderm
    - mesoderm
    - endoderm
54
Q

What is the trilaminar disc and primitive streak in gastrulation?

A
  • trilaminar disc:
    • bilaminar embryonic disc with ectoderm and endoderm that develops into a trilaminar disc as mesoderm embers between the layers

-primitive streak:
- epiblast thickens, cells ingress, streak lengthens along developing embryo establishing craniocaudal axis

55
Q

Describe the path of gastrulation

A
56
Q

T/F: outer cells > embryoblast > epiblast > germ layers

A
  • false; inner cell mass > embryoblast > epiblast > germ layers
57
Q

What do each of the 3 germ layers give rise to?

A
  • ectoderm: epidermal structures (of skin), lining of oral,nasal cavity, and anus, corneal epithelium, nervous system
  • mesoderm: connective tissues, muscle tissue, mesothelium, cardiovascular system, urogenital tract
  • endoderm: epithelial lining and glands of digestive and respiratory systems
58
Q

How is the notochord formed?

A
  • derived from mesoderm as a transient structure that provides direction
  • basis of vertebral column: provides direction and contributes to vertebra and intervertebral discs
  • induces ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm
59
Q

What are functions of the notochord?

A
60
Q

Describe formation of the neural tube

A
  • derived from ectoderm (note: different levels of mesoderm)
  • basis for central nervous system (brain, spinal cord)
61
Q

In the notochord, the cranial portion is the _______ and the ventral portion is the ______

A
  • brain, spinal cord
62
Q

What are the parts of the intra-embryonic mesoderm?

A
63
Q

What are features of the paraxial mesoderm?

A
  • somitogenesis
  • differentiates into somitomeres on each side of neural tube
  • differentiates further to somites
64
Q

What are major somites?

A
  • sclerotome: vertebrae, portions of skull, axial skeleton
  • myotome: striated muscles of head, trunk, limbs
  • dermotome: dermis of dorsal regions
65
Q

What are features of intermediate mesoderm?

A
  • differentiate into the urogenital system:
    - paired kidneys
    - paired adrenal gland cortex
    - paired gonads
    - reproductive tracts
66
Q

What are the two kinds of lateral plate mesoderm?

A
  • somatic (parietal):
    • dorsal and associates with ectoderm
    • contributes to serous membranes lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
  • splanchnic (visceral):
    • ventral and associates with endoderm
    • contributes to cardiovascular system, blood, kidneys, smooth muscle
67
Q

What are features of the extra-embryonic mesoderm?

A
  • derived from epiblast that initially developed from inner cell mass or embryoblast
  • contributes to formation of yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and chorion
  • vital functions in maternal-fetal protection, nutrient and waste exchange
68
Q

Summarize germ layer derivatives

A
69
Q

What are the placenta types

A
70
Q

What are teratogens?

A
  • (gr: monster-producing)
  • any agent or factor that can cause congenital (present at birth) anomalies during embryonic growth and development
71
Q

What are features of teratogens?

A
  • genetic factors
  • radiation
  • chemical agents
    • ex: nicotine, drugs (thalidomide, tetracycline), alcohol
  • infectious agents
    • ex: bovine diarrhea virus, akabane virus
  • hormones
    • ex: anti-paramesonephric duct hormone
72
Q

What are examples of congenital anomalies of teratogens

A
73
Q

What are undifferentiated gonads?

A
  • genital ridge: medial part of mesonephros (early kidney) and differentiate into capsule, stroma,and connective tissue of gonad
  • coelomic epithelium: covers genital ridge and differentiate into sex cords (sertoli or granulosa cells) of gonad
  • primordial germ cells (PGC): unipotent cells that migrate rom wall of yolk sac an differentiate into spermatogonia/oogonia between sex cords or sertoli or granulosa cells, respectively, in testes or ovaries
74
Q

What are differentiated gonads?

A
  • paired testes: in presence of Y chromosome (XY), there is a SRY gene that encodes for a testis determining factor and Sertoli cells produce an anti-mullerian hormone (AMH). Müllerian ducts degenerate and testes + wolffian ducts develop
  • paired ovaries: in absence of Y chromosome (XX), wolffian ducts degenerate and ovaries + Müllerian ducts develop

RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology (11 decks)

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