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RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology > Blood + Hematopoiesis + Lymphatics > Flashcards

Blood + Hematopoiesis + Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • transport of water,solute, and cells
  • temperature regulation
  • water balance (blood volume)
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2
Q

What is the makeup of whole blood?

A
  • 5-10% of total body weight
  • comprised of:
    • 60% plasma (water, solutes)
    • ~40% cells (RBC, WBC, PLT)
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3
Q

What is plasma? Why is this important?

A
  • 90% water, 8% protein, 2% other solutes
  • proteins and solutes can be measured, variations reflect different disease processes
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4
Q

What are the different kinds of blood cells? How prevalent are they? What is their life span?

A
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5
Q

What is this an example of?

A
  • blood smear
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6
Q

T/F: white blood cells are erythrocytes

A
  • false; leukocytes. RBCs are erythrocytes
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7
Q

What are features of erythrocytes?

A
  • most numerous cell in blood (millions)
  • shape:
    • bioconcave disc
    • flexible membrane
    • high surface-to-volume ratio
    • allow RBCs to pass through small capillaries
    • facilitates transport of O2 and CO2
  • size: varies between species
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8
Q

What are functions of erythrocytes?

A
  • carry O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs
  • involved in acid-base homeostasis
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9
Q

What species have nucleated RBCs?

A
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10
Q

What are the three kind of blood cells?

A
  • RBCs: erythrocytes
  • WBCs: leukocytes
  • PLTs: platelets
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11
Q

What are features of leukocytes? Functions?

A
  • least numerous blood cells (thousands)
  • reported as WBC or TNCC
  • function: inflammation and immune response
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12
Q

What are the different kinds of leukocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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13
Q

What is indicated in the image?

A
  • neutrophils
  • size: ~12um diameter
  • nucleus: segmented w/ dense violet chromatin
  • cytoplasm: pale-staining “neutral”
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14
Q

What is shown in the image?

A
  • heterophils
  • size: ~12 um diameter
  • nucleus: segmented w/ dense violet chromatin
  • cytoplasm: red,rice-shaped to round granules
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15
Q

What is shown in the image?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • size: smaller than neutrophil (except in ruminants)
  • nucleus: round to indented, dense/clumped chromatin
  • cytoplasm: scant, blue
    • high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio
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16
Q

What are features of lymphocytes?

A
  • found in blood, lymphatic circulation, lymphatic tissue
  • major part of adaptive immune response
    • humoral immunity: B-cells, plasma cells
    • cell-mediated immunity: T-cells
  • lifespan: days to years
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17
Q

What is shown in the image?

A
  • A: neutrophil
  • B: lymphocyte
  • C: monocyte
    • size: typically largest cell on blood films
    • nucleus: shape ranges from round to kidney to band to pseudo-segmented; chromatin is lacy/loosely clumped/magenta
      - cytoplasm: abundant and blue, frequently vacuolated
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18
Q

What are features of monocytes?

A
  • differentiate into macrophages in tissue
  • mononuclear phagocytic system
    • comprised of monocytes and tissue macrophages
    • macrophages widely distributed throughout the body
      • spleen, liver (kupffer cells), lungs (alveolar macrophages), brain (microglial cells), bone (osteoclasts),etc.
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19
Q

What are functions of monocytes?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes
  • iron storage + recycling
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20
Q

What is shown in the image?

A
  • eosinophils
  • size: ~neutrophil
  • nucleus: segmented w/ clumped chromatin
  • cytoplasm: usually stains pale, contains eosinophilic granules; bright red-orange, sometimes refractive/shiny; contains many arginine-rich proteins (anti-bacterial + anti-parasitic)
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21
Q

What are features of eosinophils?

A
  • present in low numbers in the blood
  • function: modulate delayed and immediate type of hypersensitivity reactions
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22
Q

What is shown in the photos?

A
  • A: eosinphil
  • B: neutrophil
  • C: basophil
    • size: larger than neutrophils
    • nucleus: elongated + ribbon-like; segmented
    • cytoplasm: abundant amphophilic (lilac) w/ purple granules
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23
Q

What are features of basophils?

A
  • RARE in healthy animals
    • usually seen with eosinophils
  • morphology
    • generally slightly larger than neutrophil
    • “basophilic” granules: contain histamine and many other proteins
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24
Q

What are features of platelets (PLTs)? Function?

A
  • second most numerous blood cell (hundred-thousands)
    • 200k-800k cells/uL (varies by species)
  • function:
    • primary hemostasis (clotting)
    • role in primary inflammatory response
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25
Q

What is indicated in this image?

A
  • platelets: small discoid cytoplasmic fragments
  • size: 2-4 um diameter
  • nucleus: anucleate (no nucleus)
  • granules: red-purple in most species
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26
Q

Fill in this diagram

A
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27
Q

What is shown in these images?

A
  • eosinophils
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28
Q

Label the image

A
  • A: basophil
  • B: neutrophil
  • C: eosinophil
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29
Q

Label the image

A
  • A: neutrophil
  • B: eosinophil
  • C: monocyte
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30
Q

Label the image

A
  • L: lymphocyte
  • R: monocyte
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31
Q

What are the components of bone marrow?

A
  • sinusoids
  • stromal cells
  • hematopoietic cells
  • macrophages
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32
Q

What are features of sinusoids in bone marrow?

A
  • large lumen
  • formed by discontinuous endothelial cells
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33
Q

What are features of stromal cells in bone marrow?

A
  • support structure of bone marrow
  • composed of: fatty cells, reticular cells, and fibers
  • cells occupy the space between stem cells and precursor cells
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34
Q

What are features of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow?

A
  • aka hemic tissue
  • stem cells and precursor cells of each lineage
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35
Q

What are feature of macrophages in bone marrow?

A
  • store iron
  • involved in moderating hematopoiesis
  • regulate bone formation
36
Q

What are the two kinds of macroscopic bone marrow?

A
  • red marrow
    • richer in hematopoietic cells
    • produces al blood cells
    • stores iron
  • yellow marrow
    • richer in fatty tissue
      • replaces red marrow
    • aging change
37
Q

What is indicated in this one marrow biopsy?

A
  • large arrow: boney trabeculae
  • small arrow: hematopoietic cells + adipocytes
38
Q

T/F: bone marrow cellularity remains consistent

A
  • false;
  • neonate 100%
  • young animal ~80%
  • older animals ~25-50%
39
Q

What is indicated in the image?

A
  • sinusoidal capillaries
40
Q

T/F: hematopoiesis is a process in which specialized cellular precursors develop into highly differentiated cells of peripheral blood

A
  • true
41
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place?

A
  • postnatal:
    • bone marrow
      • proximal end of femur + humerus *
      • pelvis *
      • sternum *
      • ribs
      • vertebrae
      • scapulae
      • skull
    • liver (v little)
    • spleen (v little)
  • prenatal FYI
    • yolk sac, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow
42
Q

What are the steps of erythropoiesis?

A
  • rubribast
  • prorubricyte
  • rubricytes
  • metarubricytes
  • polychromatophilic RBC
  • mature RBC
43
Q

What are the steps of granulopoiesis?

A
  • myeloblast
  • promyelocyte
  • myelocyte
  • metamyelocyte
  • band neutrophil
  • segmented neutrophil
44
Q

What is granulopoiesis regulated by?

A
  • colony stimulating factors (CSF) and inflammatory cytokines
  • occurs in bone marrow
45
Q

What are the steps of monopoiesis?

A
46
Q

What are the steps of thrombopoiesis?

A
  • pluripotent stem cell
  • myeloid stem cell
  • megakaryoblast (big arrow)
  • promegakaryocyte (regular arrow)
  • magekaryocyte (thin arrow)
  • platelets
47
Q

T/F: B lymphocytes mature in thymus, T lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow (or bursa of fabricius in birds)

A
  • false;
  • T lymphocytes mature in thymus,
    -B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow (or bursa of fabricius in birds)
48
Q

What is the main site of hematopoiesis in adult mammals? Thymus, spleen, bone marrow, or liver?

A
  • bone marrow
49
Q

Which cells are part of the granulocytic lineage?

A
  • eosinophil
  • neutrophil
  • basophil
50
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A
  • protect body against pathogenic organisms and their products and to help in removal/disposal of cells undergoing natural or induced degeneration
    • via phagocytosis (macrophages) and production of immunologically competent cells (antigen presenting cells, B+T lymphocytes)
51
Q

What are the primary organs producing lymphocytes?

A
  • bone marrow
  • cloacal bursa/ bursa of fabricus (in birds)
  • thymus

** produced in marrow, mature in all 3

52
Q

What are the secondary organs responsible for activation and presentation of antigens?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • mucosal associated lymhoid tissue
  • tonsils
53
Q

What are features of primary lymphatic organs?

A
  • where T and B cells originate and their unique features established
  • access by antigens strictly controlled (barriers)
  • apoptotic elimitation of self-reactive cells
  • released to circulation sites where antigens are encountered (secondary organs)
54
Q

What are features of bone marrow?

A
  • sure of pluripotent stem cells (B + T cells)
  • background of stromal cells release factors aiding in cell differentiation ad macrophages
55
Q

What is this structure? What are some features?

A
  • cloacal bursa
    • dorsal wall of cloaca
    • functionally equivalent to mammalian bone marrow
  • surface mucosa of bursal fold covered by pseudostratfied columnar epithelium, cortices+ medulla, lymphocytes emigrate through surface epithelium
  • basophilic big nuclei, very little cytoplasm
56
Q

What is this structure? What are some functional features?

A
  • thymus
  • located in mediastinum cranial to heat in immature animals
  • composed of epithelial reticulum (network) and developing lymphocytes
  • lymphocytic cells migrate from bone marrow
  • fill spaces between reticular epithelial cells of developing organ
  • develop into T cells which migrate to areas of secondary organs and MALT
57
Q

What part of the thymus is shown? What are some features?

A
  • darker due to greater number of lymphocytes
  • area of POSITIVE selection
    • developing lymphocytes/thymocytes
    • “good” weak binding, recognize antigens
  • tingible body macrophages are near medulla
    • phagocytose and eliminate dead/bad T cells (without correct receptor)
58
Q

What part of the thymus is shown? What are some features?

A
  • contains epithelial reticular cells
  • area of NEGATIVE selection
    • “bad” (autoreactive) lymphocytes phagocytosed by “tingible body” macrophages
      -Some medullary reticular epithelial cells form thymic corpuscles or Hassall’s corpuscles
    • large central calcified or degenerated cells surounded by concentric circles of keratinized cells
59
Q

What is this structure? What features are indicated?

A
  • thymus
  • hassall’s corpuscles
60
Q

What are feature of vascularization in the thymus?

A
  • arteries enter via corticomedullary junction within connective tissue septa
  • divide into arterioles within the septa
  • branch into capillary network in the cortex (cortical capillaries)
  • cortical capillaries > blood thymus barrier
    • continuous epithelium
    • perivascular connective tissue
    • sheath of epithelial reticular cell processes
61
Q

What is the purpose of the blood thymus barrier?

A
  • decreases antigen acccess to thymus
  • limits interference with positive T cell selection and recognition of antigen as self
62
Q

What is thymic involution?

A
  • gradual depletion of lymphocytes and replacement by adipocytes after sexual maturity
63
Q

What are the functions of the lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A
  • lymph nodes: filter antigens from lymph before returning it to bloodstream
  • liver: filters antigens from blood ONLY
  • MALT: local immune response
64
Q

What structure is shown? What are some features?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • capsule
    • dense irregular CT, trabeculae
  • cortex
    • subcapsular sinus, lymphoid follicles (B cell rich), paracortex (T cell rich), high endothelial blood vessels
  • medulla
    - medullary cords (lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells), medullary sinus (macrophages, reticular cells)
  • stroma
    - reticular cells and fibers
65
Q

What is the flow of the lymph node?

A
  • afferent lymphatic vessel > subcapsular sinuses > cortical (trabecular) sinus > medullary sinus > efferent lymphatic vessel
66
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid follicles?

A
  • when stimulated by antigens, histolic morphology changes from primary to secondary
  • macrophages present in secondary follicle, and B cells produce antibodies
67
Q

What type of epithelium lines the high endothelial venules? What part of the lymph node are they present in?

A
  • cuboidal endothelium
  • cortex
68
Q

What is shown? What structures are indicated?

A
  • medullla of lymph node
  • medullary cords
  • medullary sinuses
69
Q

What structure is shown? What is indicated?

A
  • medullary sinus off lymph node w/ lattice of fixed macrophages spanning the lumen
  • plasma cell
70
Q

What is different about porcine lymph nodes?

A
  • cortex is central, medulla is peripheral
71
Q

What are hemal nodes?

A
  • nodes alongside (not connected) the bloodstream
  • seen predominantly in ruminants - dark colour
  • rich content of erythrocytes within sinuses
  • no lymphatic supply
  • near the spleen, kidney, and large blood vessels along entralside of vertebrae
  • functions similarly to spleen
72
Q

What are hemolymph nodes?

A
  • in pigs
  • lymph node containing RBCs in sinuses as result of hemorrhage in tributary field
73
Q

What are functions of the spleen?

A
  • filters blood
    • senescent RBCs and WBCs
    • recovers and stores iron
    • macrophages of red pulp commonly contain portions of RBCs and hemosiderin
  • samples/removes antigens from blood (phagocytosis)
  • mounts immune responses against blood-borne antigens _b cells + T cells
  • hematopoiesis in fetus, sometimes adults
  • storage of RBC in horse, dog, and cat (“storage spleens”)
    - more smooth muscle ad elastic in capsule for contraction and release of RBCs into bloodstream
    - “defense” spleens have less smooth muscle in capsule (humans and rabbits)
    - ruminants and pigs are intermediate
74
Q

What are features of the capsule of the spleen?

A
  • outer capsule is dense CT with underlying smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  • capsule gives rise to: trabeculae - collagen, elastic fibers, smooth muscle cells
  • each trabeculae contains a central artery or vein
75
Q

What differentiates red and white pulp in the spleen?

A
  • white pulp (basophilic blue)
    • modifies cortex
    • central arterioles
    • periarterial lymphoid sheaths (PALS) - T cells
    • follicles - B cells
  • red pulp
    • modified medulla
    • venous sinuses (RBCs) - big component
    • macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
76
Q

Describe splenic blood flow

A
  • central artery > branches with periarterial lymphatic sheath (white pulp) > penicillary arteries > blind ended capillaries with periarteriolar macrophage (PAMS syn. ellipsoids) (red pulp) > capillaries drain into red pulp parenchyma and hen venous sinuses in OPEN circulation/ capillaries drain into venous sinuses directly in CLOSED circulation
  • sinuses only well developed in DOG
77
Q

Where is mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) found?

A
  • gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) > Peyer’s patches
  • bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
  • tonsil
  • ocular
  • urogenital
  • mammary
78
Q

What is indicated in the image?

A
  • peyer’s patches
79
Q

What is shown in the image?

A
  • peyer’s patch (red dome)
80
Q

What are M-cells?

A
  • specialized epithelial cells
  • simple columnar later of microfold (M) cells
  • pinocytose GI contents and secrete content on the lymphocytes and macrophages of peyer’s patch
  • Mac-macrophage, L-lymphocyte
81
Q

What are lacteals?

A
82
Q

What are features of lymphatic vessels?

A
  • blind-ended tubes lined by endothelial cells
  • absorb fluid from the interstitium, pass it back into bloodstream
  • inflammatory cell and antigen movement from peripheral tissue
  • lymph flows in one direction from periphery heart
  • surrounding tissues compress or expand the vessel
  • one-way valve prevents backflow
83
Q

Label the image

A
  • 1: small lymphatic vessel with a valve; clear content , NO RBC
  • 2: arteriole - 1-3 Ayer’s of circular smooth muscle cells
  • 3: venule - no smooth muscle in the wall
84
Q

Understand how lymphatics drain tissue fluid

A
  • lymphatics delver lymph or lymph nodes - regional monitoring centers for immune response
85
Q

What is this structure? Some features?

A

RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology (11 decks)

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