Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • air conduction/gas exchange
  • phonation
  • olfaction
  • heat regulation
  • air temperature + moisture
  • protection
  • acid-base regulation
  • hormone conversion
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2
Q

What are the different functional subdivisions of the respiratory system?

A
  • conductive system: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
  • transitional system: respiratory bronchioles
  • gas exchange system: respiratory bronchiole and alveoli
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3
Q

What are feature of the conducting system?

A
  • brings air to respiratory portion
  • cleanses, moistens, and warms incoming air
  • blood in venous plexuses in mucous membranes of nasal cavity warms incoming air
  • hair and secretions in nasal cavity trap particulate matter
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4
Q

What are features of the transitional system?

A
  • zone between the conducting (ciliated) and the gas exchange (alveolar system) areas of the respiratory tree
  • consists exclusively of respiratory bronchioles (bronchioles in wall that possess outpocketings of gas exchange tissue)
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5
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles lined by?

A
  • club cells
  • non-ciliated secretory cells
  • a few ciliated cells
  • NO goblet cells in healthy bronchiole
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6
Q

What are features of the exchange system?

A
  • composed of alveoli: thin walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries (pulmonary capillaries)
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7
Q

Alveoli are lined by ___________ (membranous) and __________

A
  • epithelial type i
  • type ii pneumonocytes
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8
Q

What is the path of the respiratory system?

A
  • nasal cavity > nasopharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > exchange > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveoli
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9
Q

What are the two kinds of defense mechanisms of the respiratory system?

A
  • non-specific (non immune-mediated)
  • specific (immune-mediated)
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10
Q

What are kind of non-specific defense mechanisms?

A
  • mucous trapping
  • mucociliary clearance
  • phagocytosis
  • air turbulence (generated by coughing/sneezing)
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11
Q

What are kinds of specific defense mechanisms?

A
  • antibody production
  • antibody-mediated phagoytosis
  • cell-mediated immunity
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12
Q

What is the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and bronchi mostly lined by?

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • with secretory goblet cells and submucosal serous cells
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13
Q

What is the arrow indicating? What part of the respiratory system is this found?

A
  • tubulo-alveolar gland: mainly serous, with lesser numbers of mucous and mixed glands
  • used for olfaction (bowman’s glands)
  • nasal cavity (pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells)
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14
Q

What is indicated by the rectangle?

A
  • lamina propria supported by submucosa
  • (in nasal cavity)
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15
Q

The nasal cavity is a bone supported cavity within the skull divided by a cartilaginous nasal septum. Each half has 3 regions called:

A
  • vestibular region
  • respiratory region
  • olfactory region
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16
Q

What are features of the vestibular region of the nasal cavity?

A
  • initial, external part with a cutaneous muscle membrane, haired skin, and glands
  • lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
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17
Q

What are features of the respiratory region?

A
  • largest part of the nasal cavity
  • lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
    - the cell combination is called mucociliary apparatus, responsible for clearance
  • conchae turbinates: projections from the lateral wall that narrow the nasal cavity and increase area of contact with air
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18
Q

What are feature of the mucociliary apparatus?

A
  • cilia
  • goblet cells
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19
Q

What is the function of the mucociliary apparatus?

A
  • goblet cells produce mucinogen granules
  • movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped airborne inhaled particles such as dust and microorganisms
  • function as a cleaning apparatus
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20
Q

What are features of goblet cells?

A
  • present along the airways to the level of large bronchioles
  • secretion traps particulate matter
  • reaction to injury:
    • hyperplasia (increased #) in smokers
    • metaplasia (change from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium)
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21
Q

What are features of ciliated epithelial cells?

A
  • each cell has ~250 cilia on its surface
  • tips have “claws” of dyein
  • cells connected via gap junctions
  • dysfunction caused by immobile cilia syndrome (kartagener’s syndrome): dyein missing
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22
Q

What are features of the olfactory region?

A
  • lined with olfactory epithelium: much thicker than respiratory epithelium
  • lack goblet cells
  • lamina propria contains serous olfactory glands and non-myelinated axons of CN1
  • swell bodies
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23
Q

Label each epithelium type

A
  • A: respiratory
  • B: olfactory
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24
Q

What are features of olfactory epithelium?

A
  • located in dorsal part of nasal cavity
  • thick
  • cells:
    • olfactory neurons: smell = olfaction (CR1)
    • supporting (sustentacular cells)
    • basal cells: stem cells for others
    • NO GOBLET CELLS
25
Q

Both olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in __________ which are distended with blood

A
  • venous plexuses aka SWELL BODIES
26
Q

Label the features of olfactory mucosa

A
  • A: axons of CN1
  • B: basal cell
  • G: serous olfactory gland
  • O: olfactory neuron
  • S: supporting cell
27
Q

What are the purposes of the vomeronasal organ?

A
  • chemoreception, sexual behavior (pheromone detection)
28
Q

What are features of the larynx?

A
  • includes cartilage, vocal folds, and skeletal muscle
  • initially: stratified squamous epithelium
  • after vocal chords: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
29
Q

What is this image showing? What are some features?

A
  • trachea
  • rings of cartilage, incomplete dorsally
  • connective tissue adventitia
    • birds have complete cartilage rings
30
Q

What is this image showing? What are some features?

A
  • trachea
  • lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • lamina propria and submucosa not clearly differentiated
  • serous glands
31
Q

What is this? Label features?

A
  • trachea
  • A: hyaline cartilage
  • B: perichondrium
  • C: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
32
Q

What is this? Label features?

A
  • trachea
  • A: cilia
  • B: goblet cell
  • C: basal cells
33
Q

What is this image showing? What is a defining feature?

A
  • bronchus
  • plates of hyaline cartilage
  • trachea bifurcates into the bronchi which enter the lung and branch extensively
34
Q

What is this? Label features?

A
  • bronchus
  • lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • smooth muscle surrounds the lamina propria followed externally by CT containing:
  • circle: mixed bronchial glands
  • arrow: plate of hyaline cartilage
  • mixed seromucous glands secrete mucin, lactoferrin and lysozyme (bacteriostatic/cidal)
35
Q

What part of the respiratory tract is this?

A
  • bronchus
36
Q

Label the features of this lung slide

A
  • A: alveoli
  • B: cartilage
  • C: pulmonary artery
  • D: bronchus
37
Q

What is this feature? Label the arrows?

A
  • bronchioles
  • lack cartilage and glands
  • A: terminal bronchioles
  • B: respiratory bronchioles
38
Q

What part of the respiratory system is this? What are some features?

A
  • terminal bronchiole
  • lined by ciliated cuboidal cells with few/ no goblet cells
39
Q

What are the labeled features? Their functions?

A
  • A: club cells (bronchiolar exocrine cells)
  • located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
  • bulge at surface
  • secretory: source of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining latency of airway
  • metabolize airborne toxins, may have immune function
  • metabolize xenobiotic compounds
  • B: ciliated cells
40
Q

What is indicated in this image of ___________?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • ciliated cuboidal epithelium which becomes flattened distally
  • incomplete muscularis mucosae
  • respiratory bronchioles subdivide into alveolar ducts
  • histological appearance of respiratory bronchioles is similar to that of terminal bronchioles, with the exception of alveoli interruption
41
Q

What is shown in this image? What are some features?

A
  • alveolar ducts
  • part of exchange system and empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli contains smooth muscle cells
42
Q

What are features of alveolar sacs?

A
  • lack smooth muscle
  • branches off of alveolar ducts
43
Q

What are alveoli lined by?

A
  • 2 distinct epithelial cells:
    - pneumocytes type i
    - pneumocytes type ii
44
Q

What is indicated in this image?

A
  • pulmonary edema
  • alveolar spaces filled with proteinaceous fluid
45
Q

What are alveolar pores (septal pores of kohn)?

A
  • neighboring alveoli connect with each other via pores,providing equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if a bronchiole is obstructed
  • allow macrophage to pass from one aveolus to another
46
Q

What are features of pulmonary interstitium?

A
  • interconnecting network of interstitial stroma tissue supporting the blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
    • bronchovascular interstitium - main bronchiand pulmonary vessels
    • interlobar interstitium - separating pulmonary lobules and supporting small blood and lymph vessels
    • alveolar interstitium - supporting alveolar walls that contain pulmonary capillaries and alveolar epithelial cells (no lymphatic vessels)
  • pulmonary changes such as edema, emphysema, and inflammation can affect one or more of these interstitial compartments
47
Q

What is pulmonary septum?

A
  • diving wall composed of interstitium plus cells
48
Q

What are features of alveolar septum?

A
  • contain fibroblasts, capillaries
  • “dust” cells
  • collagen type III is present in alveolar wall
  • collagen type I is present in conducting airways
  • elastic fibers!
49
Q

What are features of pneumocyte type i (squamous alveolar type i cell)?

A
  • forms walls of alveoli
  • 95% of alveolar surface area
  • extremely thin, have occluding junctions to prevent fluid passage
  • gas permeability is desired function
  • NOT mitotic
  • organelles are grouped around nucleus
50
Q

What are features of pneumocyte type ii (granular alveolar type ii cell/granular pneumocyte/great alveolar cells)?

A
  • 5% of alveolar surface area
  • secretory cell
  • surfactant is produced via lamellar bodies/granules
  • can be mitotic > produces type i and type ii cells
51
Q

What is indicted in this image? Which type pneumocyte is it?

A
  • lamellar granules (contain recently synthesized surfactant)
  • pneumocyte type ii
52
Q

What are features of surfactant?

A
  • mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein
  • functions to reduce surface tension reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli, thus preventing alveolar collapse (known as atelectasis)
  • constantly produced by type ii cells
  • cortisol stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturition
  • absence of surfactant in newborns is known as a hyaline membrane disease
53
Q

What is shown in this image?

A
  • lung capillaries
54
Q

What are features of the blood-air barrier?

A
  • composed of:
    • vascular endothelium
    • basement membrane of endothelial cell
    • basement membrane of type i pneumocyte
    • cytoplasm of type i pneumocyte covered by surfactant
  • basal laminae are fused alveolar + capillary endothelium
55
Q

What is the pathway of the air-blood barrier?

A
56
Q

What are the types of pulmonary macrophages?

A
  • alveolar macrophages “PAMS’
  • intravascular macrophages “PIMS’
57
Q

What is pulmonary blood supply and innervation?

A
  • pulmonary arteries (arterioles)
  • capillaries (continuous)
  • pulmonary veins
  • lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes: drain towards hilum, none in alveolar walls
  • innervated by the parasympathetic system via vagus nerve and sympathetic system via middle cervical and cervical thoracic ganglia
58
Q

The pulmonary blood supply is dual, what does this entail?

A
  • functional part: pulmonary arteries (unoxegenated to lungs)
  • nutritive/trophic: bronchial arteries (oxygenated to lungs)
59
Q

What is visceral pleura of the lung composed of?

A
  • connective tissue and lined by simple squamous epithelium (aka mesothelial cells)
  • interstitium is connective tissue that supports the bronchial tree and separates lung into lobules