Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- air conduction/gas exchange
- phonation
- olfaction
- heat regulation
- air temperature + moisture
- protection
- acid-base regulation
- hormone conversion
What are the different functional subdivisions of the respiratory system?
- conductive system: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
- transitional system: respiratory bronchioles
- gas exchange system: respiratory bronchiole and alveoli
What are feature of the conducting system?
- brings air to respiratory portion
- cleanses, moistens, and warms incoming air
- blood in venous plexuses in mucous membranes of nasal cavity warms incoming air
- hair and secretions in nasal cavity trap particulate matter
What are features of the transitional system?
- zone between the conducting (ciliated) and the gas exchange (alveolar system) areas of the respiratory tree
- consists exclusively of respiratory bronchioles (bronchioles in wall that possess outpocketings of gas exchange tissue)
What are respiratory bronchioles lined by?
- club cells
- non-ciliated secretory cells
- a few ciliated cells
- NO goblet cells in healthy bronchiole
What are features of the exchange system?
- composed of alveoli: thin walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries (pulmonary capillaries)
Alveoli are lined by ___________ (membranous) and __________
- epithelial type i
- type ii pneumonocytes
What is the path of the respiratory system?
- nasal cavity > nasopharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > exchange > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveoli
What are the two kinds of defense mechanisms of the respiratory system?
- non-specific (non immune-mediated)
- specific (immune-mediated)
What are kind of non-specific defense mechanisms?
- mucous trapping
- mucociliary clearance
- phagocytosis
- air turbulence (generated by coughing/sneezing)
What are kinds of specific defense mechanisms?
- antibody production
- antibody-mediated phagoytosis
- cell-mediated immunity
What is the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and bronchi mostly lined by?
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- with secretory goblet cells and submucosal serous cells
What is the arrow indicating? What part of the respiratory system is this found?
- tubulo-alveolar gland: mainly serous, with lesser numbers of mucous and mixed glands
- used for olfaction (bowman’s glands)
- nasal cavity (pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells)
What is indicated by the rectangle?
- lamina propria supported by submucosa
- (in nasal cavity)
The nasal cavity is a bone supported cavity within the skull divided by a cartilaginous nasal septum. Each half has 3 regions called:
- vestibular region
- respiratory region
- olfactory region
What are features of the vestibular region of the nasal cavity?
- initial, external part with a cutaneous muscle membrane, haired skin, and glands
- lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
What are features of the respiratory region?
- largest part of the nasal cavity
- lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
- the cell combination is called mucociliary apparatus, responsible for clearance - conchae turbinates: projections from the lateral wall that narrow the nasal cavity and increase area of contact with air
What are feature of the mucociliary apparatus?
- cilia
- goblet cells
What is the function of the mucociliary apparatus?
- goblet cells produce mucinogen granules
- movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped airborne inhaled particles such as dust and microorganisms
- function as a cleaning apparatus
What are features of goblet cells?
- present along the airways to the level of large bronchioles
- secretion traps particulate matter
- reaction to injury:
- hyperplasia (increased #) in smokers
- metaplasia (change from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium)
What are features of ciliated epithelial cells?
- each cell has ~250 cilia on its surface
- tips have “claws” of dyein
- cells connected via gap junctions
- dysfunction caused by immobile cilia syndrome (kartagener’s syndrome): dyein missing
What are features of the olfactory region?
- lined with olfactory epithelium: much thicker than respiratory epithelium
- lack goblet cells
- lamina propria contains serous olfactory glands and non-myelinated axons of CN1
- swell bodies
Label each epithelium type
- A: respiratory
- B: olfactory