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RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are functions of the gastrointestinal system?

A
  • prehension: ingestion followed by fragmentation
  • mechanical + enzymatic breakdown (fermentation) of nutrients: digestion
  • absorption of nutrients
  • synthesis/secretion (hormones)
  • excretion of waste
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2
Q

What are differences between the stomach/colon of equines, ruminants, and canines?

A
  • equine: large cecum
  • bovine: 4-chambered stomach
  • canine: “normal’
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3
Q

What features of the digestive system are endoderm derived? Mesoderm? Ectoderm?

A
  • endoderm-derived: epithelium (mucosa), parenchymatous organs (ex: liver + pancreas) and associated glands
  • mesoderm-derived: submucosa, muscle layers, serosa, mesentery
  • ectoderm-derived: stratified squamous epithelium (oral cavity + anus) and nerve plexi
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4
Q

What is the lining epithelium of the lips to the non-glandular stomach? The glandular stomach and intestine? The anus?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • also stratified squamous!
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5
Q

What are some features of the oral cavity?

A
  • formed by: lips, cheeks, palate, pharynx, and tongue
  • mucosa lined by: stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized or not)
  • submucosa of connective tissue
  • salivary glands and tonsils
  • ruminants have a dental pad
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6
Q

What are some features of the tongue?

A
  • covered by mucosa: stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized on dorsal surface
  • papillae (mechanical + gustatory) on dorsal surface
  • some have taste buds
  • skeletal muscle arranged longitudinally, transversely, and vertically (think of tongue motion)
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7
Q

What are some factors that influence dentition?

A
  • type of food consumed
  • prehension
  • mastication
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8
Q

What are some structures of teeth?

A
  • hard structures:
    • enamel: covers external surface above gum line
    • cementum: covers external surface below gumline
    • dentin: beneath enamel and cementum
  • soft structures:
    • pulp
    • peridontal ligament
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9
Q

What cells form the structures of teeth?

A
  • hard structures:
    • enamel: ameloblasts
    • cementum: cementoblasts
    • dentin: odontoblasts
  • soft structures:
    • pulp: loose CT + nerves
    • peridontal ligament: fibroblasts
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10
Q

In what orientation do enamel and dentin form during tooth development?

A
  • odontoblasts cover the surface of the mesenchymal papilla and produce dentin
  • ameloblasts are tall columnar cells that produce enamel
  • enamel forms more distal to dentin
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11
Q

What are the two kinds of teeth, in reference to height?

A
  • brachydont (low crowned) + hypsodont (high crowned)
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12
Q

What are features of brachydont dentition?

A
  • short + cease to grow after eruption
  • crown (above gingiva), neck (restricted region below gingiva)
  • one or more roots embedded in a boney socket (alveolus)
  • all teeth of carnivores, incisors of ruminants, teeth of pigs (- incisors)
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13
Q

What are features of hypsodont dentition?

A
  • tall and continue to grow after eruption
  • no crown and neck (elongated body)
  • horses, cheek teeth of ruminants, canine teeth of pigs
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14
Q

What is the general organization of tubular digestive organs?

A
  • muscular tube with 4 tunics:
    • mucosa
      • inner epithelium
      • middle lamina propria
      • thin outer muscularis mucosae
    • submucosa
    • muscularis
      • inner circular
      • outer longitudinal
    • serosa
      • (adventitia if abuts other structures)
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15
Q

What are features of the mucosa?

A
  • epithelial lining
    • simple columnar + glandular
  • lamina propria
    • loose connective tissue
    • blood vessels, lymphatics, lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells
    • supports epithelium
  • muscularis mucosae
    • always SMOOTH muscle
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16
Q

What are features of the submucosa?

A
  • loose connective tissue (looser than in lamina propria)
  • facilitates MOTILITY of the mucosa
  • contains vessels, a nerve plexus (submucosa plexus), +/- lymphatic nodules, glands
  • P = papilla
  • MM = muscularis mucosa
  • MP = muscularis
  • SM = submucosa
  • M = mucosa
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17
Q

What are features of the muscularis?

A
  • may be smooth or skeletal muscle
  • usually 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular + outer longitudinal
  • controls lumen size, motility of tube
  • contains myenteric nerve plexus and vessels
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18
Q

What are features of the enteric nervous system?

A
  • division of autonomic nervous system
  • 2 distinct regions:
    • submucosal plexus: meissner’s plexus
    • myenteric plexus: auerbach’s plexus
  • each region is a net of nerves connecting ganglia
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19
Q

What are differences between the external coverings, serosa and adventitia?

A
  • serosa: MESOTHELIUM + loose connective tissue +/- adipose tissue
  • adventitia: loose/dense connective tissue only
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20
Q

What is this feature of the digestive system?
- What kind of lining?
- What type of muscle?
- What type of external covering?

A
  • esophagus
    • stratified squamous
    • skeletal + smooth
    • adventitia
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21
Q

What are some features of the esophagus?

A
  • lined by non-keratinized or keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • submucosa contains mucous glands
  • muscularis may be composed of skeletal muscle only, or a mix of skeletal/smooth
  • adventitia over most
  • SS: non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • LP: lamina propria
  • MM: muscularis mucosae (SM)
  • GL: submucosal glands will empty via ducts (D)
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22
Q

What kinds of muscle surround the esophagus comparatively across species?

A
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23
Q

What type of lining is in the stomach? What type of muscle? What type of external covering?

A
  • simple columnar/glandular
  • smooth
  • serosa
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24
Q

What are features of the stomach?

A
  • distinction of digestive tube with sphincters at entry (cardia) and at exit (pyloris)
  • mucosa may be non-glandular ( stratified squamous) or glandular (simple columnar epithelium)
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25
Q

What are the types of stomach structures?

A
  • simple
  • compound mutichambered
  • composite
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26
Q

What are the species-specific differences in stomach structures?

A
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27
Q

T/F: equines have a simple stomach, with a feature called margo plicatus

A
  • false; composite stomach
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28
Q

What are the components of a ruminant compound multi-chambered stomach? Which parts are forestomach vs “true”stomach?

A
  • forestomach
    • rumen
    • reticulum
    • omasum
  • true stomach
    • abomasum
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29
Q

What feature of the ruminant stomach is this? What are some features?

A
  • rumen
  • largest chamber of the forestomach
  • low papillae
  • increased surface area enhances passive absorption of VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS
  • lined by keratinized squamous epithelium
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30
Q

What feature of the ruminant stomach is this? What are some features?

A
  • reticulum
  • honeycomb pattern
  • small segments of smooth muscle along ridges
  • lined by keratinized squamous epithelium
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31
Q

What feature of the ruminant stomach is this?

A
  • omasum
  • lined by keratinized squamous epithelium
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32
Q

What are the functions of the ruminant forestomach?

A
  • rumen + reticulum
    • mixing, eructation, regurgitation, movement of ingesta, absorption of VFAs
  • omasum
    • squeezes ingesta, liquifies and moves it to the abomasum for further ingestion
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33
Q

What is the flow of digesta through a ruminant stomach?

A
  • rum road
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34
Q

What is the abomasum?

A
  • glandular “true” stomach of ruminants
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35
Q

What are the three stomach glandular regions?

A
  • cardia
  • fundus/body
  • pylorus
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36
Q

What are some features of the glandular stomach?

A
  • simple columnar mucous cells line surface of glandular mucosa in all 3 regions
  • gastric pits: invaginations of lining epithelium leading to glands
  • rugae (folds): allow distinction
  • muscularis: consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle (oblique, circular, longitudinal)
  • outer serosa
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37
Q

What are features of the glandular regions of the stomach?

A
  • cardiac region: composed mainly of mucous glands
  • fundic region: with proper gastric glands
    • composed of:
      • parietal cells (secrete HCl)
      • chief cells (produce pepsinogen)
      • endocrine G cell produce the GI hormone gastrin (enters blood stream)
  • pyloric region: mucus glands and endocrine G cells
  • ** all regions covered by surface mucous cells**
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38
Q

What region of the stomach is this? What are some features?

A
  • cardiac region
39
Q

What region of the stomach is this? What are some features?

A
  • fundic region
  • parietal cells: eosinophilic, central nucleus
  • chief cells: basophilic, peripheral nucleus
40
Q

What region of the stomach is this? What are some features?

A
  • pyloric region
  • mucous glands and endocrine G cells produce the GI hormone gastrin (enters bloodstream)
  • ** G cells not visible without special stains
41
Q

What type of lining is in intestines? Muscle? External covering?

A
  • simple columnar/glandular
  • smooth only
  • serosa (mostly)
42
Q

What are the splits of the intestines?

A
43
Q

What are some features of small intestines?

A
  • lined by simple columnar epithelium (enterocytes and goblet cells)
  • enterocytes are absorptive
  • goblet cells make mucus
  • has circular folds, villi and microvilli to increase surface area
  • submucosal glands located in duodenum (Brunner’s glands)
  • lymphatic nodules in distal small intestine (Peyer’s patches)
44
Q

What is this feature? What part of the digestive system is it found in?

A
  • villi
  • small intestine
45
Q

What are some features of intestinal villi?

A
  • villi
    • confined to the small intestine
    • papillary projections into lumen
    • site of absorption
  • intestinal crypts
    • at the base of the villi
    • invaginations of lining epithelium
    • site of production/division
46
Q

What are features of intestinal epithelium?

A
  • enterocytes (absorptive cells with microvilli)
  • goblet cells (mucus)
  • stem cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
47
Q

What is indicated in this image? What part of the intestine system are they present in?

A
  • crypts of lieberkuhn
  • small intestines
48
Q

Label the features of this longitudinal section of a villus

A
49
Q

What are features of lamina propria of villi?

A
  • microvasculature, lymphatics, and muscle in villi
50
Q

What are lacteals? Some features?

A
  • blind-ended lymphatic vessels in intestinal villi
  • the chyle (lymph) found in lacteals is filtered through intestinal lymph nodes before ultimately reentering the blood at the jugular veins
51
Q

T/F: there are few lymphocytes and plasma cells throughout the lamina propria

A
  • false; vast numbers
52
Q

What are the structures indicated ? What are some features?

A
  • peyer’s patches
  • aggregations of lymphoid nodules present in the lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestine
  • seen in distal jejunum and ileum, but varies according to species
53
Q

What are M cells?

A
  • specialized epithelial cells that sample antigens from the luminal environment
  • APC: antigen presenting cells
54
Q

What gland produces alkaline mucus to protect the duodenum from acidic chyme?

A
  • Brunner’s glands
  • not present in non-mammalian species
55
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • absorb H2O and secrete mucus in all species; fermentation and volatile fatty acid absorption in hind gut fermenters
56
Q

What part of the digestive system is this? Label A/B. What are some features?

A
  • large intestine (of a horse)
  • A: taenia coli, B: haustra
  • no villi
  • intestinal crypts (glands) present as in small intestine,but relatively long
  • lined by simple columnar epithelium (mostly goblet cells)
  • pigs and horses have longitudinal flat bands called taenia coli,composed of smooth muscle an elastic fibers - form haustra
57
Q

How can one distinguish different parts of the intestine? **

A
  • small intestine: both villi + intestinal crypts
    • duodenum: Brunner’s glands in mucosa
    • jejunum: there are no specific structures in connective tissue of submucosa
    • ileum: peyer’s patches (groups of lymphatic nodules)in submucosa
  • large intestine: no villi, surface is smooth, only intestinal glands are present
58
Q

What are some features of the rectum + anus?

A
  • rectum: lined by simple columnar epithelium, stores feces, secretes mucus
  • anus: lined by stratified squamous epithelium
  • in the pelvic cavity
59
Q

What are the glandular regions of the anus?

A
  • anal glands: empty into the lumen of the anus
  • anal sac glands: empty into anal sacs (carnivores)
  • circumanal glands (dogs): nonpatent ducts; unknown function, can form benign tumors
60
Q

T/F: there is a single anal sac gland above the anus in carnivores

A
  • false; paired, below the anus
61
Q

What is the green arrow indicating? What are some features?

A
  • anal sac (in the recto-anal junction)
  • lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • located between smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter and the skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter
  • the glands of the anal sacs are:
    • dog: tubular apocrine sweat glands
    • cat: both sebaceous and tubular apocrine sweat glands
62
Q

What structure is indicated? What are some features?

A
  • circumanal/perianal glands
  • present n the subcutis around the anus in dogs (also in skin near the prepuce, tail, flank, and groin)
  • glands resemble hepatocytes, thus the name hepatoid glands
63
Q

What part of the digestive tract is this? What features prove this?

A
  • esophagus
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • glands
64
Q

What part of the digestive tract is this? What features prove this? What is labeled as 6?

A
  • tongue
  • muscle layers in 3 directions
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • 6: taste buds
65
Q

What part of the digestive tract is this? What features prove this?

A
  • colon
  • no intestinal villi or glands
  • lots of crypt cells
66
Q

What part of the digestive tract is this? What features prove this?

A
  • stomach
  • chief and parietal cells
  • glands
67
Q

What is saliva? What does it contain? What are its functions?

A
  • liquid secreted by salivary glands
  • contains: water, salts, mucin, enzymes (amylase, maltase, lipase), IgA, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and suspended cells (desquamated epithelial cells, leukocytes, bacteria)
  • function: digestion, provide moisture and lubrication, local immunity, evaporative cooling
68
Q

What are the divisions of salivary glands? What kinds of secretion?

A
  • divided into major and minor glands:
    • major salivary glands: parotid, sublingual, mandibular
    • minor salivary glands are intramural: lingual, palatal, labial, buccal, zygomatic (carnivores), molar (cats)
  • types of secretion: serous, mucous, mixed
69
Q

What is the structure of salivary glands?

A
70
Q

T/F: salivary glands are lobulated

A
  • true
71
Q

What kind of salivary gland is this? What kind of secretion does it have?

A
  • parotid salivary gland
  • serous
72
Q

What kind of salivary gland is this? What kind of secretion is from structure A? structure B?

A
  • sublingual salivary gland
  • A: mucous
  • B: serous
73
Q

What are some features of the liver?

A
  • largest visceral organ in the body, 1-4% of BW
  • situated in the abdominal cavity caudal to the diaphragm
  • strategic position in blood circulation
    • 1/3 blood from hepatic artery
    • 2/3 blood from portal vein
  • ~25% of weight of liver is blood
74
Q

What are some components of the liver?

A
  • hepatocytes
  • vasculature
  • biliary trees
  • kupffer cells (macrophage)
  • ito/stellate cells
  • oval/stem cells
  • pit cells
  • connective tissue
75
Q

What feature of the digestive system is this?

A
  • liver
76
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A
  • polygonal, epithelial liver cells
  • workhorses:
    • detoxification
    • deamination (aa —> urea)
    • produce bile
    • produce various blood proteins
    • gluconeogenesis
    • store energy (glycogen and triglycerides)
  • arrange in cords or plates
77
Q

What is this image a example of? What are some features?

A
  • vasculature in the liver
  • portal triad: hepatic artery (HA), bile duct (BD), portal vein (PV) and several lymphatic vessels (LV)
  • surrounded by collagenous extracellular matrix that forms an abrupt border with a circumferential row of hepatocytes aka the inviting plate (LP-dotted line)
78
Q

T/F: blood and bile flow in the same direction from the portal field to the central vein

A
  • false; blood flows from the portal field to the central vein, bile flows towards the portal field after production
79
Q

What is the site of exchange between blood and hepatocytes?

A
  • perisinusoidal space (space of disse)
80
Q

What are features of the intrahepatic biliary tree?

A
  • canaliculi: potential spaces
  • canals and ductules lined by cuboidal epithelium (cholangiocytes)
  • bile ductules located in the portal triads
81
Q

What is shown in the image? Label the terms

A
  • vasculature of the liver
82
Q

What structure is shown here?

A
  • intrahepatic biliary tree
83
Q

What are features of kupffer cells?

A
  • resident phagocytes of liver
  • located within the blood sinusoids
  • remove aged blood cells (may have intracellular iron pigment: hemosiderin, pathogens, some toxins
84
Q

What feature of the liver is indicted here? What are some features?

A
  • ito cells (stellate cells)
    • vitamin a metabolism
    • collagen production
    • large round lipid vacuoles
    • in space of disse
85
Q

What are oval cells? Pit cells?

A
  • oval cells
    • pluripotent cells
    • found in biliary tree
  • pit cells
    • resident granular leukocytes
    • found in sinusoids
86
Q

What is shown in this image? Be specific. What are some features?

A
  • liver (pig)
  • each lobe is covered by mesothelium (serosa) located over a connective tissue layer, the capsule
  • organized into lobules separated by variable amounts of connective tissue septa
87
Q

What is the anatomical and functional arrangement of the liver?

A
88
Q

Which zone is more susceptible to direct-acting toxins? Which of the acinar zones is most susceptible to hypoxia?

A
  • zone 1 (periportal)
    • hepatocytes closest to O2 and nutrient rich arterial and portal inflow
    • more susceptible to direct-acting toxins
  • zone 3 (centrilobular)
    • nearest venule - more susceptible to hypoxia
    • detoxification enzymes: more susceptible to metabolites from toxins
89
Q

What structure is shown in these images? What are some features?

A
  • gallbladder
    • accepts bile from cystic duct for storage
    • abundant mucosal “folds” seen when gallbladder is empty
    • bile ducts lined by short columnar epithelium
    • gallbladder is lined by tall columnar epithelium
    • epithelial cells capable of modifying bile (absorption of H2O and inorganic salts)
    • muscularis of smooth muscle
    • serosa surrounds almost the whole organ
90
Q

What structure is shown in this image? What are some features?

A
  • pancreas
    • dual gland: exocrine and endocrine
  • exocrine pancreas
    • composed of tubuloacinar secretory units - produce digestive enzymes
    • trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, amylase
  • endocrine pancreas
    • consists of pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
    • produce hormones
    • insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
91
Q

What is this structure? What are features of its structure?

A
  • pancreas
92
Q

What is this figure an example of?

A
  • exocrine pancreas
    • serous acinar glands
    • product visible as zygotes granules
93
Q

What is this structure? What are the features indicated?

A
  • pancreas
  • serous acinus (exocrine)
  • islet of langerhans (endocrine)
  • capillary
  • eosinophilic zygote granules
94
Q

What is this structure?

A
  • pacinian corpuscle

RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology (11 decks)

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