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RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology > Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are functions of the ear?

A
  • collect auditory stimuli
  • transduce auditory to mechanical and then nervous stimuli
  • transmit nerves impulses to the CNS via the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
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2
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the ear and their features?

A
  • external ear: auricle or pinna, external auditory meatus
  • middle ear: tympanic cavity,tympanic membrane (eardrum), three auditory ossicles, associated ligaments + muscles. Connected to pharynx via auditory (eustachian) tube
  • inner ear: composed of membranous labyrinth enclosed in temporal bone
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3
Q

T/F: the inner ear functions for sound collecting and conducting,while the external and middle ear functions in both hearing and equilibrium

A
  • false;
  • the external/middle ear functions for sound collecting and conducting,
  • while the inner ear functions in both hearing and equilibrium (vestibular system)
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4
Q

What are the parts of the external ear?

A
  • pinna/auricle
  • external auditory meatus: vertical canal, horizontal canal, annular cartilage
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5
Q

What is this structure? What are some features?

A
  • pinna/auricle
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6
Q

What is this structure? What do the various arrows indicate?

A
  • cross section of a ear
  • black arrows:annular cartilage
  • arrowheads: auricular cartilage
  • asterisks: external acoustic meatus
  • white arrow: incudostapedius joint

** tympanic membrane removed

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7
Q

What structure is shown? Label the numbers.

A
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8
Q

What kinds of glands are present in ears? What do they secrete?

A
  • ceruminous glands
    • type of apocrine gland
    • secrete cerumen (ear wax)
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9
Q

What are features of the middle ear?

A
  • tympanic membrane + cavity
  • auditory ossicles
  • auditory (eustachian) tube
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10
Q

What feature is shown? What are some features?

A
  • tympanic cavity
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11
Q

What structure is shown? What are the differences between A and B in regards to species and form?

A
  • tympanic membrane
  • A; horse; tympanum is more round and the manubrium of the malleus forms a very shallow and and is centrally located to the tympanum
  • B; dog; tympanum is oval or comma shaped and the manubrium of the malleus is C-shaped
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12
Q

What is this structure? What are the labeled features?

A
  • tympanic membrane
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13
Q

What is this structure? What species is it found in?

A
  • guttural pouch: ventral expansion of the auditory tube
  • horses
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14
Q

What is this structure? What are some features?

A
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15
Q

What are the parts of the inner ear?

A
  • in petrous temporal bone
  • vestibular apparatus
  • cochlea
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16
Q

What are the organs of equilibrium and motion detection of the vestibular apparatus? What specialized structures do they contain?

A
  • utricle, saccule, 3 semicircular ducts
  • macula utriculi
  • macula sacculi
  • crista ampularis (sensitive to angular changes in acceleration)
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17
Q

What is the organ of hearing?

A
  • cochlea
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18
Q

What is in the spiral organ of the cochlea?

A
  • hair cells
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19
Q

What is this structure?

A
  • spiral organ/organ of corti
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20
Q

What are features of the maculae?

A
  • maculae that run perpendicular to each other are within the utricle (horizontal) and saccule (vertical)
  • otoliths are located within a gelatinous membrane and their movement bends the sterocilia of neurosensory hair cells
  • detects static equilibrium and linear acceleration
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21
Q

What are features of the semicircular ducts?

A
  • at the base of the semicircular ducts are ampullae containing a crista ampullaris
  • the cupula is gelatinous and movement is detected by stereocilia of neurosensory hair cells
  • detects rotational movement
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22
Q

What is this structure? What are labeled features?

A
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23
Q

What is endolymph?

A
  • fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
    • high in potassium
    • bathes inner ear cells and allows normal function
    • large diverticula (sacs) in reptiles possibly involved in calcium homeostasis
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24
Q

What are special features of the endolymphatic system in amphibians and reptiles?

A
  • result in sac-like structures behind eyes
  • functions in controlling pressure, fluid, and ion concentration (esp. calcium) homeostasis
  • neuroectoderm
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25
Q

What is a special sensory adapation of fish and aquatic amphibians?

A
  • lateral line system
  • tactile sense organs: detect movements and pressure changes in surrounding water
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26
Q

What is this structure?

A
  • lateral line organ
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27
Q

What is a special sensory adaptation of snakes? What is its function?

A
  • vomernasal / jacobson’s organ
  • smell via taste
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28
Q

What is a specialized chemoreception organ found in mammals and reptiles

A
  • vomernasal
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29
Q

What parts of the eye are ectoderm derived? Mesoderm derived?

A
  • ectoderm
    • lens
    • outer epithelium of cornea
    • epithelium of palpebrae (eyelids)
  • mesoderm
    • corneal stroma
    • sclera
    • extraocular muscles
    • ciliary muscles
    • tunica vasculosa
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30
Q

What part of the eye are neuroectoderm derived?

A
  • neuroectoderm of dienchephalon:
    • optic cup connected by optic stalk
    • optic cup: retina + pigment layer
    • optic stalk: optic nerve
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31
Q

What is the eyeball or globe composed of?

A
  • lens
  • 3 layers:
    • outer fibrous tunic
    • middle vascular (uveal) tunic
    • inner retinal (neuroepithelial) tunic
  • located in the orbit
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32
Q

What is the adnexa?

A
  • accessory ocular structures
    • palpebrae (eyelids)
    • third eyelid + conjunctiva
    • lacrimal apparatus
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33
Q

What are the tunic layers of the eye?

A
  • fibrous tunic
    • sclera
    • cornea
    • limbus
  • vascular (uveal) tunic
    • iridocorneal angle
    • iris
    • ciliary body
    • choroid
  • neuroepithelial (retinal) tunic
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34
Q

What are features of the sclera?

A
  • part of fibrous tunic
  • posterior portion of the eye
  • functions:
    • protects the eye
    • maintains the shape of the eye
    • provides insertion points for tendon of extra ocularmuscles
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35
Q

What is this structure? What are some features?

A
  • cornea
  • part of the fibrous tunic
  • anterior portion of the eye
  • avascular and transparent
  • richly supplied by sensory nerves (ophthalmic branch of CN V)
  • relatively dehydrated to maintain transparency
  • large regenerative capacity
  • 5 layers
36
Q

What feature of the eye is this? Label layers

A
  • cornea
  • 1: anterior corneal epithelium
  • 2: anterior limiting lamina/subepithelial basement membrane, supporting lining epithelium
  • 3: substantia propria (corneal stroke, mostly type 1 collagen)
  • 4: posterior limiting lamina/membrane; Desemet’s membrane, supporting endothelium
  • 5: posterior epithelium/corneal endothelium
37
Q

What is this structure? Label the numbers. What are some features?

A
  • cornea
  • descemet’s membrane in grey
38
Q

What factors contribute to corneal transparency?

A
  • lack of blood vessels (avascular)
  • collagen arrangement
  • proteoglycans between collagen
  • Na+/K+ ATPase (adenosine triphosphate) and carbonic anhydrase pumps transport water out
    • located in anterior + posterior corneal epithelium
39
Q

What is displayed here?

A
  • corneal ulcer
40
Q

What are features of the limbus?

A
  • part of fibrous tunic
  • corneoscleral junction
  • where opaque sclera overlaps the transparent cornea. Area has small blood vessels
  • nutrition for the cornea comes from microvasculature of limbus + aqueous humor
41
Q

What is this structure? Identify some features

A
  • limbus (corneoscleral junction: CSJ)
  • region where transparent cornea merges with sclera (S)
  • small blood vessels
  • epithelium of the limbus is continuous with the conjunctiva (C) that lines the eyelids
  • I: iris
  • AC: anterior chamber
  • PC: posterior chamber
42
Q

What are features of the iris?

A
  • part of the vascular tunic/uvea
  • stroma
    • pigmented loose connective tissue
    • iridial melanin present in the stromal cells determines eye color
  • dilator and sphincter papillae muscles
  • posterior epithelium
    • iridium granules (corpora nigra) are present in equids + ruminants at the dorsal and ventral pupillary margins
  • iridocorneal angle (filtration or drainage angle)
43
Q

What is this structure? Label the features

A
  • iris
44
Q

What determines eye colour?

A
  • blue: minimal pigment in stroma of iris
  • increasing pigment in stroma:
    • green < blue grey < brown
  • albinism: partial or total lack of melanin pigment in eyes, skin, hair. Recessive gene
    - have melanocytes (melanin producing cells) but not genes for tyrosinase
    - “red” color due to hemoglobin in RBCs
45
Q

What are features of the iridocorneal angle?

A
  • at the convergence of corneoscleral junction (limbus), ciliary body, and iris
  • composed of:
    • pectinate ligament
    • trabecular meshwork
    • trabecular (aqueous) veins
  • draining point for aqueous humor
46
Q

What is this structure? Label the numbers?

A
  • eye
  • 1: ciliary body
  • 2: iris
  • 3: cornea
  • 4: lens
  • 5: optic nerve
47
Q

What are features of the ciliary body?

A
  • part of vascular tunic/uvea
  • anterior expansion at the choroid level of the lens
  • mechanical and secretory functions
  • houses the ciliary muscle
    • smooth muscle
    • contracts during accommodation, reduces tension of the zonular fibers of the lens
    • surrounded by loose CT (elastic fibers, vessels, melanocytes)
    • receives innervation from CN III (oculomotor n)
48
Q

What structure is indicated? What are some features?

A
  • ciliary processes
  • located at base of the iris
  • epithelial surface
    • 2 layers of low columnar epithelium
    • nonpigmented: ion transporting forming aqueous humor
    • pigmented: basement membrane extends to form zonular fibers that suspend the lens
49
Q

What is this structure? Label the numbers

A
  • ciliary process
  • 1: non-pigmented epithelial cells (form aqueous humor)
  • 2: pigmented cells
  • 3: in the aqueous humor
  • 4: ct w/ vessels
50
Q

Label the structures

A
  • 1: body of lens
  • 2: lens epithelium
  • 3: ciliary processes
51
Q

What is this structure? Somme features?

A
  • ciliary body
  • CB: ciliary body
  • SL: suspensory ligaments
  • ICA: iridocorneal angle
  • CS: canal of schlemm
  • posterior pigmented epithelium of iris are continuous with nonpigmented epithelium of ciliary body
52
Q

What are features of the aqueous humor?

A
  • occupies anterior and posterior chambers
  • nourishes the cornea + lens
  • maintains intraocular pressure
  • formed by non-pigmented cells of ciliary processes
  • constant drainage required at iridocorneal angle
53
Q

What is the drainage pathway of aqueous humor?

A
54
Q

Label the structures

A
  • R: retina
  • P: pigment epithelium
  • Ch: choroid
  • S: sclera
55
Q

What part of the eye is indicated? What are some features?

A
  • choroid
  • part of vascular tunic/uvea
  • highly vascularized
  • anterior: continuous w/ stroma of ciliary body
  • external: connected to sclera
  • internal: connected to retinal pigment epithelium
  • internal to vascular layer: tapetum lucidum
56
Q

What are features of the tapetum lucidum?

A
  • reflective carpet: shiny eyes
  • increase light perception under poor illumination
57
Q

What are features of the retina?

A
  • neuro-epithelial (retinal) tunic
  • 1: sensory/optical part: contacts the choroid
  • 2: non-sensory/ciliary part: inner non-pigmented + outer pigmented ciliary epithelium “pars ciliary retinae”
  • 3: non-sensory/iridial part: posterior pigmented epithelium “pars iridica retinae”
58
Q

The retina is nourished by:

A
  • vessels of the choroid and by retinal vessels entering via the optic disk
59
Q

What structure is indicated by the red arrow? Black arrow? What tunics are visible?

A
  • choroid
  • retinal pigment epithelium
  • fibrous: sclera
  • vascular: choroid
  • nervous: retina (+choroid)
60
Q

What tunics are visible? Name some features.

A
  • nervous + vascular
61
Q

What are features of the sensory/optical retina?

A
  • sends visual images to the brain
  • 10 layers
  • held in place by vitreous body
  • combined nerve fiber layers converge on the optic disk to form the optic nerve
62
Q

Label the nervous features indicated

A
63
Q

How do the neurons of optical retina function? (pathway)

A
  • light passes through layers of retina,stimulates photoreceptor cells (rods + cones)
  • impulse is passed to bipolar neurons, then to ganglia cells
  • axons of ganglion cells form the nerve fiber layer. These fibers converge at optic disk (papilla) and leave eye as the optic nerve (CN II)
  • additional cells with supporting roles include: amacrine cells (interneurons), horizontal cells (regulate input from photoreceptor cells), muller cells (glial cells)
64
Q

What is the path of light and visual perception?

A
  • enter through tear film > cornea > aqueous humor > pupil > lens > vitreous humor > first 8 layers of retina > stimulate photoreceptors(rods + cones) > absorbed by retinal epithelium
  • visual impulse created then passes in reverse order from rods and cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerves > brain
65
Q

What are features of the retinal pigmented epithelium?

A
  • outermost layer of retina
  • consist of flat polygonal cells resting on a basement membrane
  • transport of nutrients and metabolites to the rods + cones, light absorption, phagocytosis
66
Q

What are features of the photoreceptor layer?

A
  • neurons: rods + cones
  • rods + cones have outer and inner segments connected through a cilium
67
Q

What are features of rods + cones?

A
  • rods:
    • inner segment is long + thin
    • contain flattened membranous disks containing pigment rhodopsin (vitamin A)
    • responsible for vision in dim light (more in nocturnal species)
    • 120 mil/retina
  • cones:
    • inner segment has a broad base
    • disks contain lodopsin
    • responsible for vision in bright light + colour
    • 60 mil/retina
  • *retinal detachment @ arrow
68
Q

What is the fovea?

A
69
Q

What is this structure?

A
  • optic nerve
70
Q

What are the refractive media of the eye?

A
  • vitreous body
  • lens
71
Q

What are features of the vitreous body?

A
  • occupies space between lens + retina; 4/5th of eyeball
  • 99% water, rich in hyaluronic acid
  • gel cortex, liquid center
  • aids in maintaining shape and retinal apposition
72
Q

What are features of lens?

A
  • entirely surrounded by capsule (THICK on anterior surface)
  • anterior epithelium
    • simple cuboidal cells
    • apical towards lens fibers
    • at the equator, elongate + differentiate into lens fibers
  • lens fibers
    • prism-shaped cells, lack nuclei, interdigitate extensively and have gap junctions (transparent)
    • differentiation and growth of lens throughout life
73
Q

The lens and ciliary body are attached via _______

A
  • zonular fibers
74
Q

What structure is shown?

A
  • ciliary zonular fibers
75
Q

Label the image

A
  • 1: zonular fibers
  • 2: vitreous humor
  • 3: pigmented epithelium
  • 4: sclera venous sinus
  • 5: non-pigmented epithelium
  • 6: ciliary processes
76
Q

What is this image showing?

A
  • lens
  • anterior lens epithelium refelects into the surface of the lens
  • cells elongate to form lens fibers that comprise the lens (lose nucleus/organelles when mature)
  • entire lens is contained in a capsule (thicker on anterior surface)
  • 10: germinalzone
  • 13: lens capsule
  • 14: lens epithelium
  • 15: new lens fibers
  • 16: old lens fibers
77
Q

Label the structures

A
  • lens
  • A: capsule
  • B: subcapsular epithelium
  • C: lens fibers
78
Q

What are accessory ocular structures?

A
  • eyelid
    • conjunctiva
    • cilia (eyelashes)
    • tarsal (meibomian) glands - sebaceous
    • third eyelid (nictitating membrane) unique to animals
    • lacrimal (tear) apparatus
      - lacrimal glands
      - lacrimal sac
      - nasolacrimal duct
79
Q

What are features of the conjunctiva?

A
80
Q

Anemia can be detected via observation of mucous membranes such as a :

A
  • conjunctiva + third eyelid
81
Q

Label structures

A
  • eyelid (palpebrae)
82
Q

What are features of the nictitating membrane?

A
  • third eyelid
  • protects eye, removes foreign material
  • corresponds to a fold of conjunctiva formed by
    • hyaline cartilage in ruminants + dog
    • elastic cartilage in horses, pigs, + cats
  • lined by conjunctiva
  • aggregated lymphoid nodules are located under the conjunctival surface, can give cobblestone appearance
  • gland of third eyelid contributes 30-50% of the aqueous portion of the tear film via small ductules.
83
Q

What is this? Some features?

A
  • lacrimal glands
  • tear film moisturizes, lubricates, and protects the eyes
  • have tubuloalveolar seromucinous acini compose of secretory cells filled with small granules
  • myoepithelial cells are present at the base
84
Q

What are the layers of the tear films?

A
  • oily potion is produces by the Meibomian (tarsal) glands, oily portion is superficial layer of the tear film
  • aqueous potion consisting of sero-mucous material is produced by the lacrimal glands and glands of the third eyelid
  • mucous portion produced by goblet cels in the conjunctiva
85
Q

What is pecten?

A
  • special adaptation of reptiles + birds
  • vascular structure that extends from the optic disc to the vitreous body that helps nourish the inner eye/retina
  • birds have cartilage in the sclera that occasionally ossicles

RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology (11 decks)

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